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Table 1.--Impact of acidic fog upon the foliage quality of Enceliafarinosa and performance of Trirhabda gerninata _._ A. Field Bioassay. Final Insect Total Nitrogen Total Water Biomass (rag) Content (%) Content (%)3 Fog pH 2.00 0.()049+0.0001 2.83+0.06 60.82+0.54 Fog pH 5.80 0.0049_+0.0001 2.80+0.07 60.08+0.54 B. Laboratory Bioassay. Insect Biomass Insect Growth Insect Consumption Gain (mg) Rate (rag.tugt.d: _) Rate (mg.mg_*d 1) Fog pH 2.00 0.0027+0.0002 0.9008+0.0816 27.729+4.171 Fog pH 5.80 0.0026-+0.0003 0.8252+0.0826 26.179-+4.259 There were no significant differences in any of the measured parameters between acid- and control-fogged treatments, ANOVA. 2Values shown are means + 1 standard error. 3Analyses carried out on arcsine transformed data. Values shown are back transformed. CONCLUSIONS The implications of altered host plant quality for insect herbivore development are considerable (Rhoades 1983, Strong et al. 1984, White 1984). Researchers have clearly demonstrated that nitrogen availability and plant secondary chemistry affect such basic insect life processes as growth rates, survival, and reproductive capacity (Onuf 1978, Rosenthal and Janzen 1979, Prestidge 11982,Prestidge and McNeill 1983). Since acidic fog incidents typically occur over broad geographical areas (Perkins 1974, Hoffman et al. 1985), the cumulative effects on insect herbivores at the population level may be quite significant. Thus, potential changes :in plant physiology due to stress or direct injury resulting from acidic fog may well have more serious consequences than previously believed. The dynamics of herbivorous insect populations associated with areas subjected to acidic fogs may be dramatically affected depending on the type and magnitude of the chemical changes that can occur in plants subjected to this type of pollution. By using E. farinosa and its most common natural herbivore, Z geminata, we are able to draw from and build upon a relatively thorough understanding of the relationships between the effects of acidic fog on E. farinosa foliage quality and T. geminata success. Previous studies have shown that the major defensive compounds in E. farinosa are the sesquiterpene farinosin and the two chromenes euparin and encecalin (Wisdom and Rodriguez 1982, 1983; Wisdom et al. 1983; Wisdom 1985, 1988). These compounds reduce growth rates, survivorship, and quantity of food consumed for early instar larvae of T. geminata. Additionally the foliar concentrations of these compounds are highest at that time of year when early instars are present and actively feeding. We are currently investigating whether or not the concentrations of these compounds are affected by exposure to acidic fogs. Changes in the concentrations of the secondary chemistry of the plants may partially explain the results presented here. However, Wisdom (1985) showed that T. geminata larvae apparently feed on tissues high in total nitrogen content. We have shown that acidic fog exposure may change primary plant chemistry, resulting in increased plant total nitrogen and soluble protein. These increases are associated with increased larval preference (Paine et al. 1993) and may also be associated with better larval performance. If the herbivore consumes more plant tissue as a direct consequence of an anthropogenic stress and decreases plant fitness, there may be a significant impact on the plant community if the stress continues for a significant period of time. Although drought may ameliorate the impact of the anthropogenic stress, the long-term consequences of the pollution stress on the ecosystem are not clear. 259
LITERATURE CITED BENDER, J., TINGEY, D.T., JAGER, H.J., RODECAE K.D., and CLARK, C.S. 1991. Physiological and biochemical responses of bush bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) to ozone and drought stress. J. Plant Physiol. 137: 565-570. BEYERS, J.L., RIECHERS, G.H., and TEMPLE, P.J. 1992. Effects of long-term ozone exposure and drought on the photosynthetic capacity of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Laws.). New Phytol. 122:81-90. CAPORN, S.J.M. and HUTCHINSON, T.C. 1987. The influence of temperature, water and nutrient conditions during growth on the response of Brassica oleracea L. to a single, short treatment with simulated acid rain. New Phytol. 106:251-259. COWLING, E.B. 1982. A status report on acid precipitation and its biological consequences as of April 1981. In D'itri, F., ed. Acid Precipitation-Effects on Ecological Systems. Ann Arbor Press, Ann Arbor, MI. EHLERINGER, J.R. 1982. The influence of water stress and temperature on leaf pubescence development in Encelia farinosa. Am. J. Bot. 69: 670-675. EHLERINGER, J.R. and BJORKMAN, O. 1978. A comparison of photosynthetic characteristics of Encelia species possessing glabrous and pubescent leaves. Plant Physiol. 62: 185-190. EHLERINGER, J.R. and CLARK, C. 1988. Evolution and adaptation in Encelia (Asteraceae), p. 221-248. In Gottlieb, L. and Jain, S., eds. Plant Evolutionary Biology. Chapman and Hall, New York. ENDRESS, A.G. and POST, S.L. 1985. Altered feeding preference of Mexican bean beetle Epilachna varivestis for ozonated soybean foliage. Environ. Pollut. 39: 9-16. GRANETT, A.L. and MUSSELMAN, R.C. 1984. Simulated acidic fog injureslettuce. Atmosph. Environ. 18: 887-890. GRANETT, A.L. and TAYLOR, O.C. I981. The effect of designated pollutants on plants. Fifth annual report, AMRL-TR- 80-112, USAF Aerospace Med. Res. Lab., Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio. HOFFMAN, M.R., JACOB, D.J., WALDMAN, J. M., MUNGER, J.W., and FLAGAN, R.C. 1985. Characterization of reactants, reaction mechanisms, and reacting products in atmospheric water droplets: fog, cloud, dew and rain water chemistry. Final report for contractARB No. AZ-048-32. California Air Resources Board. JOHNSON, A.H. and SICCAMA, T.G. 1983. Acid deposition and forest decline. Environ. Sci. Technol. 17: 299A-304A. JONES, C.G. and COLEMAN, J.S. 1988. Plant stress and insect behavior: Cottonwood, ozone and the feeding and oviposition preference of a beetle. Oecologia 76:51-56. LEE, J.J. 1982. The effects of acid precipitation on crops. In D'itri, E, ed. Acid precipitation-effects on ecological systems. Ann Arbor Press, Ann Arbor, MI. LINTHURST, R.A., BAKER, J.P., and BARTUSKA, A.M. 1982. Effects of acidic deposition: a brief review. In Frederick, E, ed. A Specialty Conference on Atmospheric Deposition. Air Pollution Control Association, Pennsylvania. MCCOOL, P.M. and MUSSELMAN, R.C. 1990. Injury of three ornamental flower crops from simulated acidic fog. Plant Dis. 74: 310-312. MEIER, S., GRAND, L.E, SCHOENEBERGER, M.M., REINERT, R.A., and BRUCK, R.I. 1990. Growth, ectomycorrhizae and nonstructural carbohydrates of loblolly pine seedlings exposed to ozone and soil water deficit. Environ. Poll. 64: 11-27. 260
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DYNAMICS OF FOREST HERBIVORY: QUEST
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Seeking The Rules
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32. Companion planting of the nitro
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GRIMALSKY, ¥.I., Research Institut
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POUTTU, ANTTI, Finnish Forest Resea
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persist in mature leaves and affect
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THE SINK-SOURCE HYPOTHESIS: TYPE AN
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late season defoliation decreases t
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BLANCHE, C.A., LORIO, EL., Jr., SOM
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NIEMELA, R, TUOMI, J,, and LOJANDER
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induced reactions have been studied
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summer, but the other sawfly specie
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LARSSON, S., BJ(_RKMAN, C., and GRE
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STAND AND LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY AS A
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not related to resistance to the se
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In contrast to the situation in eas
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ROOT, R.B. 1973. Organization of a
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We tlhus neglect two potential sour
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c__ c__ 1T1 Ill a) a) 0 0 0 e 1 o e
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c_ >l.s S S S m N < DN DN < D c DN
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:hen k > 0 suggest that the cue or
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oth as protective weapons and as po
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DEFENSE THEORIES AND BIRCH RESISTAN
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P 45 A L 40 A T 35 A B 30 I L 25 I
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However, hares showed strong prefer
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DUGLE, J.A. 1966. A taxonomic study
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accommodate findings related to mic
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Table l.--Mean ±S.E. area eaten by
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Sulfhydryl-Disulfide Mechanisms In
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Iraa prior experimental analysis of
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FRAZIER, J.L. and HEITZ, J.R. 1975.
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REICHARD, R 1993. From RNA to DNA,
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; trees, and between and within ind
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Encapsulated objects are data struc
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_re3.--The Lignum model can be cont
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SEVERE DEFOLIATION Tree Fine Root +
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RUMBAUGH, J., BLAHA, M., PREMERLANI
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oo0 a b ol ¢' _achiman_i ()® 1,eA
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1000 Conspicuous Defo i at ion 100
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2.oo 2.oo o t 4 t ¢._ e'- 1.80 1.8
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Qualitative Changes in [,eaves and
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t00 2 Yr 1 Yr o_ 80 Treatment Treat
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Table 2.--Body size of Q. purzctate
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06 b AddedBSA < 04 _ 2rag -'=' i:3
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Severe Defol iat ion Site-A 1993 _
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KAMATA, N. and IGARASHI, M. 1995b.
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enclosure %r 20 post-diapausing sec
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2,500 F 000 F NF NF b _7 a _;_ a _7
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8O D 09 i 4,'.) F AS4L a Z___7 2o !
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2,500 _ st2-st4 El st5 0 st6 [_ pup
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96 SLANSKY, E, Jr. 1990. Insect nut
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later, we selected one more floweri
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Table 2.---Mean spruce budworm perf
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Table 3..--Mean spruce budworm perf
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FOLIVORE FEEDING ON MALE CONIFER FL
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Table 3.--Lymantria monacha prefere
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500- 400- i 300 v ¢ m a 200- I00 L
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From the point of view of trees, th
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THE BLACKMARGINED APHID AS A KEYSTO
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Wood et al. (1987) report that M. c
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MIZELL, R.E 1991. Pesticides and be
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METHODS Study Site The study took p
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the samples. Fertilization had subs
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Table 2.--Percent nutrient content
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Some tree responses to fertilizatio
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PHYTOCHEMICAL PROTECTION AND NATURA
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Indirect effects of abiotic factors
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HUNTER, M.D. and PRICE, P.W. 1992.
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A° ADDITIVE C. HYBRID SUSCEPTIBILI
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Galls, leaf miners, or leaf folds w
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Table 2.--Summary of the hypotheses
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the inheritance patterns of seconda
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FLOATE, K.D. and WHITHAM, T.G. 1993
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Elements of the Suitability/Defense
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Table l.--Comparing the mean number
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors sincer
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SINGH, D.R 1986_ Breeding for resis
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The objectives of this presentation
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Table 1.--Average weevil attack on
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1977, Kline and Mitchell 1979, Wood
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Further research is underway to cla
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A SUGI CLONE HIGHLY PALATABLE TO HA
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RESULTS Seasonal Stability of Palat
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-
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OGAWA, A., NAGATA, Y., and SUKENO,
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Field Work In
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Laboratory Procedures The week afte
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E 120 Nogent-sur-Vernisson Remnings
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Interdependence Between Reaction Zo
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alance hypothesis (Lorio 1986) cann
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SOLHEIM, H., LANGSTROM, B., and HEL
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In a second experiment, three 30-ye
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Considering biochemical pathways, i
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- = 120 N /'_" =40 1/ _ j Days 0 _
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BIGGS, A.R. 1985. Suberized boundar
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DIFFERENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WHIT
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Table 2.--Mortality of white fir pr
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Results from the geographic range p
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esulting seedlings were then rooted
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-0.2 0 5 82. _j -0,4 e a a a D4 E I
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1960, Kalkstein 1976). Increased su
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RYAN, B.F., JOtNER, B.L., and RYAN,
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It is seldom feasible to control wa
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15 15 u. 10 |O O N tal 5 5 g ao o 4
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Only recently have we conducted stu
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esistance to beetle attack. Another
Page 218 and 219: LORIO, EL., Jr'. and HODGES, J.D. 1
Page 220 and 221: EFFECTS OF ROOT INHABITING INSECT-F
Page 222 and 223: OCCURRENCE OF ROOT AND STEM SUBCORT
Page 224 and 225: ]Predisposition of Root-infected Tr
Page 226 and 227: chemistry associated with root colo
Page 228 and 229: Implications to Natural Resource Ma
Page 230 and 231: KLEPZIG, K.D., RAFFA, K.F., and SMA
Page 232 and 233: RAFFA, K.F., PHILLIPS, T., and SALO
Page 234 and 235: METHODS The study was installed in
Page 236 and 237: FURNISS, M.M., LIVINGSTON, R.L., an
Page 238 and 239: METHODS In the spring and summer of
Page 240 and 241: The importance of a compound as a r
Page 242 and 243: WERNER, R.A. 1995. Toxicity and rep
Page 244 and 245: 41 40 42 \ 4t 42 41 42 ",,,\ 42 40
Page 246 and 247: Table 1.--Summary data for the 26 p
Page 248 and 249: One weakness of using data from gen
Page 250 and 251: Lower Peninsula (populations 14-26)
Page 252 and 253: AUCLAIR, A.ND., WORREST, R.C., LACH
Page 254 and 255: KELLOMAKI, S., HANNINEN, H., and KO
Page 256 and 257: WARGO, RM. and HAACK, R.A. 1991. Un
Page 258 and 259: investigation. Sampling was done on
Page 260 and 261: Figure 2.--Changes in protein preci
Page 262 and 263: q) J 400 T J ! i i i i o control tr
Page 264 and 265: attacked trees than in control tree
Page 266 and 267: ACIDIC DEPOSITION, DROUGHT, AND INS
Page 270 and 271: MENGEL, K., BREININGER, T., and LUT
Page 272 and 273: THE RESISTANCE OF SCOTCH PINE TO DE
Page 274 and 275: EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Experiments we
Page 276 and 277: C w Q. 1,200 1,000 o 800 C_ --- 600
Page 278 and 279: 0 .................................
Page 280 and 281: FONTAtNE, R.G. 1985. Forty years of
Page 282 and 283: Host Defenses An important componen
Page 284 and 285: Functional Heterogeneity of Forest
Page 286 and 287: The Connectivity Index (CI). The CI
Page 288 and 289: FUNCTIONAL HETEROGENEITYANALYSIS :
Page 290 and 291: The Modified Hazard Map. The next l
Page 292 and 293: systems facilitate mapping of fores
Page 294 and 295: KOLASA, J. and ROLLO, C.D. 1991. In
Page 296: ) i,i_i)i_)i_i_ U.S. Departme_]t of
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