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later, we selected one more flowering and nonflowering branch on each tree which we once again enclosed with sleeve cages arid ir_;e_ted about 20 second-stage budworms. These two batches came from the same population, and they were randomly allocated to treatments. Hereafter, we respectively refer to them as cohort 1 and cohort 2. Approximately 2 weeks later we removed the gauze patches and counted the number of larvae which failed to emerge from their overwintering hibernacula. This gave us the initial number of insects in each sleeve cage. When most insects had reached the pupal stage, cages were removed by cutting each branch at its base. We then searched each bag for budworm larvae and pupae. Pupae were stored immediate[y in plastic vials and checked daily until all adults emerged. Moths were first frozen, then oven dried to constant weight and weighed and sexed. Because male and females responded in the same way to treatments, we pooled sexes by first converting males to female equivalents. Each male observation was multiplied by a constant (k) that was derived from the grand meaas (gdm) of the particular variable in question (e.g., weight, developmental time, developmental rate, etc): k_= gdm fcmate/gdm male, for each cohort and year. We calculated survival per sleeve cage by summing all larvae that achieved the final 6th larval stage (even though some were parasitized or preyed upon by stink bugs), pupae, and adults, and divided this grand total by the mm_berof larvae that actually emerged from their hibernacula. In 1991, we selected 32 (16 flowering, 16 nonflowering) white spruce trees, Picea glauca, that were growing at the edge of a provenance plantation (USDA North Central Forest Experiment Station) near Wellston, Michigan. Trees were planted in 1963, and were approximately 8-10 m tall at the time of the experiment. Just as above we selected (on May 3) two branci_es at midcrown level from each the flowering and the nonflowering trees for enclosure with sleeve cages and budworms. We placed only one cohort of budworm larvae on these trees, however. We collected and counted surviving budworms when most had reached the pupal stage. Aft trees were scored for their phenological development according to the protocol of Nienstaedt and King (l 970) at the time of placing insects on the trees. Difference between cohorts 1 and 2 in the balsam fir study were first tested via a 2 x 2 factorial, randomized block design where trees were treated as blocks and flowers and cohort timing were treated as treatments. Next each cohort was analyzed separately to test specifically for flower by tree phenology effects on budworm performance (weight gain, growth rate/day, days to complete development, and survival to the pupal stage). We subjected the data to univariate anova after appropriate transflmnations of the data (i.e., arcsin (%survival)). The balsam fir study was analyzed as a completely randomized, spiit,..piot design with phenology (3 classes) treated as the main plot and flowering (2 levels) as the subplot. The white spruce study was analyzed as a completely randomized 3 x 2 (phenology x flowering) factorial. Larval Survival RESULTS Balsam Fir: Flowering and Phenology Effects on Budworm First cohort survival was clearly affected by both flowering (F) and flowering x tree phenology (P) classes (Table 1). [n 1989, the significant F x P interaction was due largely to the enhancing effect of flowering, as expected, on the Sateflushing trees, where survival averaged 65.3% with, and 43.2% without flowers (Fig. 1). The smallest flowering effect occurred on early flushing tree (57.0% vs 53.6%, with and without flowers, respectively). In 1991, even though there were no significant main or interactio_ effects (Table 2),the largest positive impact of flowering was evident on the late flushing trees (as in 1989) where survival averaged 48.2% with, and 40.6% without flowers (Fig. 1). Second cohort survival in 1989 was significantly (p < 0.02) enhanced by flowering but not affected by phenology, nor by the F x P interaction (Table 1). In 1991, there were again significant flower, and F x Perfects (Table 2). This was due primarily to the huge difference in survival rates between flowering (54.1%) and nonflowering (32.0%) branches on late flushing trees (Fig. I). Testing the grand means for cohorts I and 2 in 11989and 1991 revealed in both cases that survival was higher for the first cohorts, but only statistically significant in 1989 (55% vs 43%). 98
Table 1.--Mean spruce budworm performance (female equivalents) on balsam fir in 1989 on early, middle and late phenology trees (main plots) and flowering and nonflowering branches (subplots). Means varying significantly (p < 0.05) among main effects have different letters. For cohort one, mean survival was effected by flowering and by,the flowering x phenology interaction. For cohort two, mean survival was affected by flowering. Budworm performance Trees (main Elots)--Phenolo_ class Subplot--Flowerin i class variable Early Middle Late Yes No Cohort one Survival (larvae) 0.55 0.57 0.54 0.62a 0.49b Weight dwt (rag) 23.93 22.75 22.44 23.18 22.72 Dev. time (days) 52.94 53.37 52.93 52.91 53.34 Growth rate (mg/da) 0.45 0.43 0.43 0.44 0.43 Cohort two Survival (larvae) 0.43 0.42 0.45 0.47a 0.39b Weight dwt (rag) 26.11 23.58 24.23 24.53 24.1 Dev. time (days) 50.45 51.27 50.88 51. | 1 50.84 Growth rate (mg/da) 0.55 0.46 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.70 _- 1989 0.65 _ _,ow_.,[] N_,, 0.60 t Cohort 1 Figure 1.---Survival rates of two "_ ,//_ cohorts of spruce budworm _- #/'A larvae in 1989 (upper panel) ._ 0.50 /)///_ and 1991 (lower panel) on ?' :.:;,:.:,:'.:il flowering and nonflowering _ 0.4.5 ',:,::'.,.::,:.:_ branches on 20 balsam fir trees ] classes: early, mid and late 0.35 flushing at the Kellogg divided into three phenology Experimental Forest of o.ao f 0.30 -- _i1 Michigan State University in Augusta, Michigan. Flowering 0.55 l 0.55f i] .. ,, oo o,, effects were statistically E2:I_,o_,,,,,_ s_,_ cohorta significant (p < 0.05) in one or 0.50 both cohorts of both years (Tables 1 and 2). :_',_:!::: ¢ Cohort and flowering x phenology t| 1981 .:,,:.:,',.':.':,_,_i! o.4o 0.35 0.30 __ __dIZ early- I mid- 1 late- 1 early-2 mid-2 late-2 Tree Dhenolo_ty & budworm cohort classes L/// V// V'// 99
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DYNAMICS OF FOREST HERBIVORY: QUEST
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Seeking The Rules
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32. Companion planting of the nitro
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GRIMALSKY, ¥.I., Research Institut
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POUTTU, ANTTI, Finnish Forest Resea
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persist in mature leaves and affect
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THE SINK-SOURCE HYPOTHESIS: TYPE AN
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late season defoliation decreases t
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BLANCHE, C.A., LORIO, EL., Jr., SOM
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NIEMELA, R, TUOMI, J,, and LOJANDER
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induced reactions have been studied
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summer, but the other sawfly specie
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LARSSON, S., BJ(_RKMAN, C., and GRE
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STAND AND LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY AS A
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not related to resistance to the se
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In contrast to the situation in eas
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ROOT, R.B. 1973. Organization of a
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We tlhus neglect two potential sour
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c__ c__ 1T1 Ill a) a) 0 0 0 e 1 o e
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c_ >l.s S S S m N < DN DN < D c DN
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:hen k > 0 suggest that the cue or
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oth as protective weapons and as po
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DEFENSE THEORIES AND BIRCH RESISTAN
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P 45 A L 40 A T 35 A B 30 I L 25 I
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However, hares showed strong prefer
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DUGLE, J.A. 1966. A taxonomic study
Page 58 and 59: accommodate findings related to mic
Page 60 and 61: Table l.--Mean ±S.E. area eaten by
Page 62 and 63: Sulfhydryl-Disulfide Mechanisms In
Page 64 and 65: Iraa prior experimental analysis of
Page 66 and 67: FRAZIER, J.L. and HEITZ, J.R. 1975.
Page 68 and 69: REICHARD, R 1993. From RNA to DNA,
Page 70 and 71: ; trees, and between and within ind
Page 72 and 73: Encapsulated objects are data struc
Page 74 and 75: _re3.--The Lignum model can be cont
Page 76 and 77: SEVERE DEFOLIATION Tree Fine Root +
Page 78 and 79: RUMBAUGH, J., BLAHA, M., PREMERLANI
Page 80 and 81: oo0 a b ol ¢' _achiman_i ()® 1,eA
Page 82 and 83: 1000 Conspicuous Defo i at ion 100
Page 84 and 85: 2.oo 2.oo o t 4 t ¢._ e'- 1.80 1.8
Page 86 and 87: Qualitative Changes in [,eaves and
Page 88 and 89: t00 2 Yr 1 Yr o_ 80 Treatment Treat
Page 90 and 91: Table 2.--Body size of Q. purzctate
Page 92 and 93: 06 b AddedBSA < 04 _ 2rag -'=' i:3
Page 94 and 95: Severe Defol iat ion Site-A 1993 _
Page 96 and 97: KAMATA, N. and IGARASHI, M. 1995b.
Page 98 and 99: enclosure %r 20 post-diapausing sec
Page 100 and 101: 2,500 F 000 F NF NF b _7 a _;_ a _7
Page 102 and 103: 8O D 09 i 4,'.) F AS4L a Z___7 2o !
Page 104 and 105: 2,500 _ st2-st4 El st5 0 st6 [_ pup
Page 106 and 107: 96 SLANSKY, E, Jr. 1990. Insect nut
Page 110 and 111: Table 2.---Mean spruce budworm perf
Page 112 and 113: Table 3..--Mean spruce budworm perf
Page 114 and 115: FOLIVORE FEEDING ON MALE CONIFER FL
Page 116 and 117: Table 3.--Lymantria monacha prefere
Page 118 and 119: 500- 400- i 300 v ¢ m a 200- I00 L
Page 120 and 121: From the point of view of trees, th
Page 122 and 123: THE BLACKMARGINED APHID AS A KEYSTO
Page 124 and 125: Wood et al. (1987) report that M. c
Page 126 and 127: MIZELL, R.E 1991. Pesticides and be
Page 128 and 129: METHODS Study Site The study took p
Page 130 and 131: the samples. Fertilization had subs
Page 132 and 133: Table 2.--Percent nutrient content
Page 134 and 135: Some tree responses to fertilizatio
Page 136 and 137: PHYTOCHEMICAL PROTECTION AND NATURA
Page 138 and 139: Indirect effects of abiotic factors
Page 140 and 141: HUNTER, M.D. and PRICE, P.W. 1992.
Page 142 and 143: A° ADDITIVE C. HYBRID SUSCEPTIBILI
Page 144 and 145: Galls, leaf miners, or leaf folds w
Page 146 and 147: Table 2.--Summary of the hypotheses
Page 148 and 149: the inheritance patterns of seconda
Page 150 and 151: FLOATE, K.D. and WHITHAM, T.G. 1993
Page 152 and 153: Elements of the Suitability/Defense
Page 154 and 155: Table l.--Comparing the mean number
Page 156 and 157: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors sincer
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SINGH, D.R 1986_ Breeding for resis
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The objectives of this presentation
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Table 1.--Average weevil attack on
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1977, Kline and Mitchell 1979, Wood
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Further research is underway to cla
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A SUGI CLONE HIGHLY PALATABLE TO HA
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RESULTS Seasonal Stability of Palat
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-
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OGAWA, A., NAGATA, Y., and SUKENO,
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Field Work In
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Laboratory Procedures The week afte
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E 120 Nogent-sur-Vernisson Remnings
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Interdependence Between Reaction Zo
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alance hypothesis (Lorio 1986) cann
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SOLHEIM, H., LANGSTROM, B., and HEL
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In a second experiment, three 30-ye
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Considering biochemical pathways, i
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- = 120 N /'_" =40 1/ _ j Days 0 _
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BIGGS, A.R. 1985. Suberized boundar
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DIFFERENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WHIT
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Table 2.--Mortality of white fir pr
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Results from the geographic range p
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esulting seedlings were then rooted
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-0.2 0 5 82. _j -0,4 e a a a D4 E I
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1960, Kalkstein 1976). Increased su
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RYAN, B.F., JOtNER, B.L., and RYAN,
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It is seldom feasible to control wa
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15 15 u. 10 |O O N tal 5 5 g ao o 4
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Only recently have we conducted stu
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esistance to beetle attack. Another
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LORIO, EL., Jr'. and HODGES, J.D. 1
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EFFECTS OF ROOT INHABITING INSECT-F
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OCCURRENCE OF ROOT AND STEM SUBCORT
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]Predisposition of Root-infected Tr
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chemistry associated with root colo
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Implications to Natural Resource Ma
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KLEPZIG, K.D., RAFFA, K.F., and SMA
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RAFFA, K.F., PHILLIPS, T., and SALO
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METHODS The study was installed in
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FURNISS, M.M., LIVINGSTON, R.L., an
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METHODS In the spring and summer of
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The importance of a compound as a r
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WERNER, R.A. 1995. Toxicity and rep
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41 40 42 \ 4t 42 41 42 ",,,\ 42 40
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Table 1.--Summary data for the 26 p
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One weakness of using data from gen
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Lower Peninsula (populations 14-26)
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AUCLAIR, A.ND., WORREST, R.C., LACH
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KELLOMAKI, S., HANNINEN, H., and KO
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WARGO, RM. and HAACK, R.A. 1991. Un
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investigation. Sampling was done on
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Figure 2.--Changes in protein preci
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q) J 400 T J ! i i i i o control tr
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attacked trees than in control tree
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ACIDIC DEPOSITION, DROUGHT, AND INS
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Table 1.--Impact of acidic fog upon
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MENGEL, K., BREININGER, T., and LUT
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THE RESISTANCE OF SCOTCH PINE TO DE
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EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Experiments we
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C w Q. 1,200 1,000 o 800 C_ --- 600
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0 .................................
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FONTAtNE, R.G. 1985. Forty years of
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Host Defenses An important componen
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Functional Heterogeneity of Forest
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The Connectivity Index (CI). The CI
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FUNCTIONAL HETEROGENEITYANALYSIS :
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The Modified Hazard Map. The next l
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systems facilitate mapping of fores
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KOLASA, J. and ROLLO, C.D. 1991. In
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) i,i_i)i_)i_i_ U.S. Departme_]t of
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