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KLEPZIG, K.D., RAFFA, K.F., and SMALLEY, E.B. 1994a. Reaction of red pine to inoculation with isolates of the fungi associated with Red Pine Decline Disease. In prep_ KLEPZIG, K.D., RAFFA, K.F., and SMALLEY, E.B. 1994b. Dendroctonus valens and Hylastes porculus: vectors of pathogenic fungi (Ophiostomatales) associated with Red Pine Decline Disease. Subm. to Environ. Entomol. KLEPZlG, K.D., KRUGER, E.L., SMALLEY, E.B., and RAFFA, K.F. 1994c. Monoterpenes and phenolics associated with the response of healthy and diseased red pine to bark beetle vectored fungi. In prep. KLEPZlG, K.D., RIBA, J., SMALLEY, E.B., and RAFFA, K.F. 1994d. Effects of red pine phenolics and monoterpenes on a subcortical insect - fungal complex associated with a decline disease. In prep. KRAUSE, S. and RAFFA, K.F. 1994. Effects of long-term defoliation on insect herbivores of red pine. In prep. KRAUSE, S.C., RAFFA, K.F., and WAGNER, M.R. 1993. Tree response to stress: a role in sawfly outbreaks? p. 211-227. In Wagner, M.R. and Raffa, K.F., eds. Sawfly Life History Adaptations to Woody Plants. Academic Press, New York. LIEUTIER, F. and BERRYMAN, A.A. 1988. Elicitation of defensive reactions in conifers, p. 313-320. In Mattson, W.J., Levieux, J., and Bernard-Dagan, C., eds. Mechanisms of Woody Plant Defenses Against Insects: Search for Pattern. Springer-Verlag, New York. LORIO, P.L., JR. 1986. Growth-differentiation balance: a basis for understanding southern pine beetle-tree interactions. For. Ecol. & Manage. 14: 259-273. LORIO, RL., JR. 1993. Environmental stress and whole-tree physiology, p. 81-101. In Schowalter, R.D. and Filip, G.M., eds. Beetle-Pathogen Interactions in Conifer Forests. Academic Press, New York. LORIO, RL., JR. and SUMMERS, R.A. 1986. Evidence of competition for photosynthates between growth processes and oleoresin synthesis in Pinus taeda. Tree Physiol. 2: 301-306. MANION, RD. 1991. Decline diseases of complex biotic and abiotic origin, p. 324-339. In Manion, RD., ed. Tree Disease Concepts. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ. MILLER, R.H. and BERRYMAN, A.A. 1986. Carbohydrate allocation and mountain pine beetle attack in girdled lodgepole pines. Can. J. For. Res. 16: 1036-1040. MILLER, R.H., WHITNEY, H.S., and BERRYMAN, A.A. 1986. Effects of induced translocation stress and bark beetle attack (Dendroctonus ponderosae) on heat pulse velocity and the dynamic wound response of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia). Can. J. Bot. 64: 2669-2674. MITCHELL, R.G., WARING, R.H., and PITMAN, G.B. 1983. Thinning lodgepole pine increases tree vigor and resistance to mountain pine beetle. For. Sci. 29: 204-211. MUELLER-DOMBOIS, D. 1988. Forest decline and die backmA global ecological problem. Trends in Ecol. and Evol. 3: 310-312. NEBEKER, T.E., HODGES, J.D., and BLANCHE, C.A. 1993. Host response to bark beetle and pathogen colonization, p. 157-178. In Schowalter, R.D. and Filip, G.M., eds. Beetle-Pathogen Interactions in Conifer Forests. Academic Press, New York. PAINE, T.D., and BAKER, F.A. 1993. Abiotic and biotic predisposition, p. 61-79. In Schowalter, R.D. and Filip, G.M., eds. Beetle-Pathogen Interactions in Conifer Forests. Academic Press, New York. 221
PAINE, T.D. and STEPHEN, F.M.. 1987a. The relationship of tree height and crown class to the induced plant defenses of loblolly pine. Can. J. Bot. 65: 2090-2092. PAINE, T.D. and STEPHEN, F.M. 1987b. Influence of tree stresses and site quality on the induced defensive system of loblolly pine. Can. J. For. Res. 17: 569-571. PEET, R.K. and CHRISTENSEN, N.L. 1987. Competition and tree death. BioScience 37::587-595. PREISLER, H.K. and MITCHELL, R.G. 1993. Colonization patterns of the mountain pine beetle in thinned and unthinned lodgepole pine stands. For. Sci. 39 528-545. RAFFA, K.F. 1988. Host orientation behavior of Dendroctonusponderosae: Integration of token stimuli and host defenses, p. 369-390. In Mattson, W.J., Levieux, J., and Bernard-Dagan, C., eds. Mechanisms of Woody Plant Defenses Against Insects: Search for Pattern. Springer-Verlag, New York. RAFFA, K.F. and BERRYMAN, A.A. 1982a. Physiological differences between lodgepole pines resistant and susceptible to the mountain pine beetle and associated microorganisms. Environ. Entomol. 11: 486-492. RAFFA, K.F. and BERRYMAN, A.A. 1982b. Accumulation of monoterpenes and associated volatiles following fungal inoculation of grand fir with a fungus transmitted by the fir engraver, Scolytus ventralis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Can. Entomol. 114:797-810. RAFFA, K.F. and BERRYMAN, A.A. 1982c. Gu_tatory cues in the orientation of Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera:Scolytidae) to host trees. Can. Entomol. 114: 97-104. RAFFA, K.F. and BERRYMAN, A.A. 1983a. Physiological aspects of lodgepole pine wound responses to a fungal symbiont of the mountain pine beetle. Can. Entomol. ! 15: 723-734. RAFFA, K.F. and BERRYMAN, A.A. 1983b. The role of host plant resistance in the colonization behavior and ecology of bark beetles. Ecol. Monogr. 53: 27-49. RAFFA, K.F. and BERRYMAN, A.A. 1987. Interacting selective pressures in conifer-bark beetle systems" A basis for reciprocal adaptations? Am. Nat. 129: 234-262. RAFFA, K.F. and HUNT, D.W. 1989. Microsite and interspecific interactions affecting emergence of root-infesting pine weevils (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in Wisconsin. Ann. Entomoi. Soc. Am. 82: 438-445. RAFFA, K.F. and KLEPZIG, K.D. 1992. Tree defense mechanisms against insect-vectored fungi, p. 354-390. In Blanchette, R.A. and Biggs, A.R., eds. Defense Mechanisms of Woody Plants against Fungi. Springer-Verlag, New York. RAFFA, K.F. and SMALLEY, E.B. 1988a. Host resistance to invasion by lower stem and root infesting insects of pine: Response to controlled inoculations with the fungal associate Leptographium terebrantis. Can. J. For. Res. 18" 675- 681. RAFFA, K.F. and SMALLEY, E.B. 1988b. Response of red and jack pines to inoculation with microbial associates of the pine engraver, lps pini. Can. J. For. Res. 18:581-586. RAFFA, K.F. and SMALLEY, E.B. 1988c. Seasonal and long-term responses of host trees to microbial associates of the pine engraver, Ips pini. Can. J. For. Res. 18: 1624-1634. RAFFA, K.F. and SMALLEY, E.B. 1994. Induction of red pine subcortical monoterpenes to insecticidal levels by fungal associates of bark beetles. Subm. to Oecologia. 222
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DYNAMICS OF FOREST HERBIVORY: QUEST
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Seeking The Rules
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32. Companion planting of the nitro
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GRIMALSKY, ¥.I., Research Institut
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POUTTU, ANTTI, Finnish Forest Resea
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persist in mature leaves and affect
Page 15 and 16:
THE SINK-SOURCE HYPOTHESIS: TYPE AN
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late season defoliation decreases t
Page 19 and 20:
BLANCHE, C.A., LORIO, EL., Jr., SOM
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NIEMELA, R, TUOMI, J,, and LOJANDER
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induced reactions have been studied
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summer, but the other sawfly specie
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LARSSON, S., BJ(_RKMAN, C., and GRE
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STAND AND LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY AS A
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not related to resistance to the se
Page 36 and 37:
In contrast to the situation in eas
Page 38 and 39:
ROOT, R.B. 1973. Organization of a
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We tlhus neglect two potential sour
Page 42 and 43:
c__ c__ 1T1 Ill a) a) 0 0 0 e 1 o e
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c_ >l.s S S S m N < DN DN < D c DN
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:hen k > 0 suggest that the cue or
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oth as protective weapons and as po
Page 50 and 51:
DEFENSE THEORIES AND BIRCH RESISTAN
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P 45 A L 40 A T 35 A B 30 I L 25 I
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However, hares showed strong prefer
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DUGLE, J.A. 1966. A taxonomic study
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accommodate findings related to mic
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Table l.--Mean ±S.E. area eaten by
Page 62 and 63:
Sulfhydryl-Disulfide Mechanisms In
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Iraa prior experimental analysis of
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FRAZIER, J.L. and HEITZ, J.R. 1975.
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REICHARD, R 1993. From RNA to DNA,
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; trees, and between and within ind
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Encapsulated objects are data struc
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_re3.--The Lignum model can be cont
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SEVERE DEFOLIATION Tree Fine Root +
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RUMBAUGH, J., BLAHA, M., PREMERLANI
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oo0 a b ol ¢' _achiman_i ()® 1,eA
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1000 Conspicuous Defo i at ion 100
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2.oo 2.oo o t 4 t ¢._ e'- 1.80 1.8
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Qualitative Changes in [,eaves and
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t00 2 Yr 1 Yr o_ 80 Treatment Treat
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Table 2.--Body size of Q. purzctate
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06 b AddedBSA < 04 _ 2rag -'=' i:3
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Severe Defol iat ion Site-A 1993 _
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KAMATA, N. and IGARASHI, M. 1995b.
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enclosure %r 20 post-diapausing sec
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2,500 F 000 F NF NF b _7 a _;_ a _7
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8O D 09 i 4,'.) F AS4L a Z___7 2o !
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2,500 _ st2-st4 El st5 0 st6 [_ pup
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96 SLANSKY, E, Jr. 1990. Insect nut
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later, we selected one more floweri
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Table 2.---Mean spruce budworm perf
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Table 3..--Mean spruce budworm perf
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FOLIVORE FEEDING ON MALE CONIFER FL
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Table 3.--Lymantria monacha prefere
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500- 400- i 300 v ¢ m a 200- I00 L
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From the point of view of trees, th
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THE BLACKMARGINED APHID AS A KEYSTO
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Wood et al. (1987) report that M. c
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MIZELL, R.E 1991. Pesticides and be
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METHODS Study Site The study took p
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the samples. Fertilization had subs
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Table 2.--Percent nutrient content
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Some tree responses to fertilizatio
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PHYTOCHEMICAL PROTECTION AND NATURA
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Indirect effects of abiotic factors
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HUNTER, M.D. and PRICE, P.W. 1992.
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A° ADDITIVE C. HYBRID SUSCEPTIBILI
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Galls, leaf miners, or leaf folds w
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Table 2.--Summary of the hypotheses
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the inheritance patterns of seconda
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FLOATE, K.D. and WHITHAM, T.G. 1993
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Elements of the Suitability/Defense
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Table l.--Comparing the mean number
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors sincer
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SINGH, D.R 1986_ Breeding for resis
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The objectives of this presentation
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Table 1.--Average weevil attack on
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1977, Kline and Mitchell 1979, Wood
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Further research is underway to cla
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A SUGI CLONE HIGHLY PALATABLE TO HA
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RESULTS Seasonal Stability of Palat
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-
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OGAWA, A., NAGATA, Y., and SUKENO,
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Field Work In
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Laboratory Procedures The week afte
Page 180 and 181: E 120 Nogent-sur-Vernisson Remnings
Page 182 and 183: Interdependence Between Reaction Zo
Page 184 and 185: alance hypothesis (Lorio 1986) cann
Page 186 and 187: SOLHEIM, H., LANGSTROM, B., and HEL
Page 188 and 189: In a second experiment, three 30-ye
Page 190 and 191: Considering biochemical pathways, i
Page 192 and 193: - = 120 N /'_" =40 1/ _ j Days 0 _
Page 194 and 195: BIGGS, A.R. 1985. Suberized boundar
Page 196 and 197: DIFFERENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WHIT
Page 198 and 199: Table 2.--Mortality of white fir pr
Page 200 and 201: Results from the geographic range p
Page 202 and 203: esulting seedlings were then rooted
Page 204 and 205: -0.2 0 5 82. _j -0,4 e a a a D4 E I
Page 206 and 207: 1960, Kalkstein 1976). Increased su
Page 208 and 209: RYAN, B.F., JOtNER, B.L., and RYAN,
Page 210 and 211: It is seldom feasible to control wa
Page 212 and 213: 15 15 u. 10 |O O N tal 5 5 g ao o 4
Page 214 and 215: Only recently have we conducted stu
Page 216 and 217: esistance to beetle attack. Another
Page 218 and 219: LORIO, EL., Jr'. and HODGES, J.D. 1
Page 220 and 221: EFFECTS OF ROOT INHABITING INSECT-F
Page 222 and 223: OCCURRENCE OF ROOT AND STEM SUBCORT
Page 224 and 225: ]Predisposition of Root-infected Tr
Page 226 and 227: chemistry associated with root colo
Page 228 and 229: Implications to Natural Resource Ma
Page 232 and 233: RAFFA, K.F., PHILLIPS, T., and SALO
Page 234 and 235: METHODS The study was installed in
Page 236 and 237: FURNISS, M.M., LIVINGSTON, R.L., an
Page 238 and 239: METHODS In the spring and summer of
Page 240 and 241: The importance of a compound as a r
Page 242 and 243: WERNER, R.A. 1995. Toxicity and rep
Page 244 and 245: 41 40 42 \ 4t 42 41 42 ",,,\ 42 40
Page 246 and 247: Table 1.--Summary data for the 26 p
Page 248 and 249: One weakness of using data from gen
Page 250 and 251: Lower Peninsula (populations 14-26)
Page 252 and 253: AUCLAIR, A.ND., WORREST, R.C., LACH
Page 254 and 255: KELLOMAKI, S., HANNINEN, H., and KO
Page 256 and 257: WARGO, RM. and HAACK, R.A. 1991. Un
Page 258 and 259: investigation. Sampling was done on
Page 260 and 261: Figure 2.--Changes in protein preci
Page 262 and 263: q) J 400 T J ! i i i i o control tr
Page 264 and 265: attacked trees than in control tree
Page 266 and 267: ACIDIC DEPOSITION, DROUGHT, AND INS
Page 268 and 269: Table 1.--Impact of acidic fog upon
Page 270 and 271: MENGEL, K., BREININGER, T., and LUT
Page 272 and 273: THE RESISTANCE OF SCOTCH PINE TO DE
Page 274 and 275: EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Experiments we
Page 276 and 277: C w Q. 1,200 1,000 o 800 C_ --- 600
Page 278 and 279: 0 .................................
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FONTAtNE, R.G. 1985. Forty years of
Page 282 and 283:
Host Defenses An important componen
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Functional Heterogeneity of Forest
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The Connectivity Index (CI). The CI
Page 288 and 289:
FUNCTIONAL HETEROGENEITYANALYSIS :
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The Modified Hazard Map. The next l
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systems facilitate mapping of fores
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KOLASA, J. and ROLLO, C.D. 1991. In
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) i,i_i)i_)i_i_ U.S. Departme_]t of
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