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KAMATA, N. and IGARASHI, M. 1995b. Relationship betweeen temperature, number of larval instars, larval growth, body size, and adult fecundity of the beech caterpillar, QuadricaIcarifera punctatella (Motschulsky) (Lep., Notodontidae): As a cost-benefit trade-off. Environ. Entomol. 24: 648-656. KAMATA, N. and IGARASHI, Y. 1995c. An example of numerical response of the carabid beetle, Calosoma maximowiczi Morawitz (Col., Carabidae), to the beech caterpillar, Quadricalcarifera punctatella (Motschulsky) (Lep., Notodontidae). J. Appl. Ent. 119: 139-1142. KAMATA, N. and IGARASHI, Y. 1995d. Synchronous populations of the beech caterpillar, Quadricalcarifera punctatella (Motschulsky): Rainfall is the key, p. 452-473. In Hain, R.R., Salom, S., Ravlin, W., Payne, T., and Raffa, K., eds. Behavior, population dynamics, and control of forest insects. USDA Forest Service, Radnor, PA 19087. KAMATA, N. and YANBE, T. 1993. Frass production of last instar larvae of the beech caterpillar, Quadricalcarifera punctatella (Motschulsky)(Lep., Notodontidae), and method of estimating their density. J. Appl. Ent. 117:84-9 I. KLOMP, H. 1966. The dynamics of a field population of the pine looper (Lepi., Geom.). Adv. Ecol. Res. 3: 207-303. KOVASEVIC, Z. 1956. Die nahrungsswahl und das auftreten der pflanzenschadlinge. Anz. Schaedlingskd. 24: 97-101. MAKKAR, H.P.S., DAWRA, R.K., and SINGH, B. 1987. Protein precipitation assay for quantitation of tannins: determination of protein in tannin-protein complex. Anal. Biochem. 166: 435-439. MARTIN, J.S. and MARTIN, M.M. 1983. Tannin assays in ecological studies. -Precipitation of Ribulose-l,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase by tannic acid, quebracho, and oak foliage extracts. J. Chem. Ecol. 9: 285-294. MORRIS, R.F. 1967. Influence of parental food quality on the survival of Hyphantria cunea. Can. Entomol. 99: 24-33. MYERS, J.H. 1988. The induced defense hypothesis: Does it apply to population dynamics of insects? p. 345-365. In Spencer, K.C., ed. Chemical Mediation of Coevolution. Academic Press, San Diego. MYERS, J.H. 1990. Population cycles of western tent caterpillars: experimental introductions and synchrony of fluctuations. Ecology 71" 986-995. ROSSITER, M.C. 1992. The impact of resource variation on population quality in herbivorous insects: a critical aspect of population dynamics, p. 13-42. In Hunter, M.D., Ohgushi, T., and Price, RW., eds. Effects of Resource Distribution on Animal-Plant Interactions. Academic Press, San Diego. SATO, H., SHIMAZU, M., and KAMATA, N. 1994. Detection of Cordyceps militalis Link (Clavicipitales: Clavicipitaceae) by burying pupae of Quadricalcarifera punctatella (Motschulsky) (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae). Appl. Ent. Zool. 29: 130-132. WELLINGTON, W.G. 1965. Some maternal influences on progeny quality in the western tent caterpillar, Malacosoma pluviale (Dyar.). Can. Entomol. 97: 1-14. 85
THE IMPACT OF FLOWERING ON THE SUITABILITY OF BALSAM FIR FOR SPRUCE BUDWORM VARIES WITH LARVAL FEEDING BEHAVIOR 1_.BAUCE and N. CARISEY D6partement des Sciences Foresti_res, Facult6 de Foresterie et de G6omatique Universit6 Laval, Ste-Foy (Qu6bec), Canada G 1K 7P4 INTRODUCTION The production of staminate flowers by coniferous trees is known to affect the fitness of insect defoliators. For instance, spruce budworm, Choristoneurafumiferana Clem., larvae on flowering balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Miller, had 3 to 7 days shorter development times than those on nonflowering trees (Jaynes and Speers 1949, Blais 1952, Greenbank 1963). Based on this effect, Blais (1952) hypothesized that flowering of balsam fir could trigger spruce budworm outbreaks. The impact of flowering on budworm survival and fecundity varies greatly from one study to another. Blais (1952) found no significant effect of flowering on spruce budworm survival, while Mattson et al. (1991) detected a 25% increase in larval survival when insects were reared on balsam fir branches bearing staminate flowers compared to those on nonflowering branches. Moreover, balsam fir flowering had no effect on the fecundity of spruce budworm (Blais 1952), whereas Pinus banksiana Lamb. flowering had a negative effect on the fecundity of the jack pine budworm, Choristoneura pinus. Although there is no agreement on whether flowering positively or negatively affects budworm mortality and fecundity, most authors believe that the impact of flowering results from either the high nutritive value of the pollen and/or the presence of staminate flower clusters that may provide a more favorable micro-habitat in term of heat and protection from natural enemies (Lejeune and Black 1950, Wellington 1950, Blais 1952, Greenbank 1963, Mattson etal. 1991). In regard to budworm dynamics, the production of staminate flowers can be followed, the next year, by either an increase (Graham 1935, Blais 1952, Volney 1988) or a decrease (Batzer and Jennings 1980, Bauce 1986) in budworm population density. In order to explain such opposite trends, we hypothesize and test here that the impact of flowering on the suitability of balsam fir for budworm larvae varies according to the feeding behavior of the larvae, which is affected by the density of budworm population (Blais 1952). METHODS Field Rearing Experiment The impact of flowering on spruce budworm growth, development, survival, and fecundity was determined by caging second instar larvae in the mid- and lower-crowns of flowering and nonflowering balsam fir trees. In 1992, a total of 10 flowering and 10 nonflowering dominant balsam fir trees were randomly selected in a 60 yr-old balsam fir stand located in compartment 20 of the For_t Montmorency (47° 19' N, 79° 09' W), an experimental forest of Universit6 Laval. The stand fits Grandtner's (1966) description of the balsam fir-white birch association and was classified as site 1 quality with good drainage (B61anger et al. 1983), 15%slope, deep uncompacted glacial till, and 65% crown cover. A severe drought in 1991 triggered an intense production of staminate flowers the following spring. Trees located near streams, or not fully exposed to sunlight did not produce staminate flowers. On each sample trees, two 90 cm long branches, facing north-northwest, were selected at the mid and lower third sections of the crown. Staminate flowers were present only in the midcrown of flowering trees. Reproductive buds burst betbre vegetative buds and the pollen was dispersed during a period of 3 to 4 days. Each branch was enclosed with a fine-mesh cloth sleeve cage which served as an Mattson, W.J., NiemelS., R, and Rousi, M., eds. 1996. Dynamics of forest herbivory: quest for pattern and principle. USDA For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-183, N.C. For. Exp. Sta., St. Paul, MN 55108. 86
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DYNAMICS OF FOREST HERBIVORY: QUEST
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Seeking The Rules
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32. Companion planting of the nitro
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GRIMALSKY, ¥.I., Research Institut
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POUTTU, ANTTI, Finnish Forest Resea
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persist in mature leaves and affect
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THE SINK-SOURCE HYPOTHESIS: TYPE AN
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late season defoliation decreases t
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BLANCHE, C.A., LORIO, EL., Jr., SOM
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NIEMELA, R, TUOMI, J,, and LOJANDER
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induced reactions have been studied
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summer, but the other sawfly specie
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LARSSON, S., BJ(_RKMAN, C., and GRE
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STAND AND LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY AS A
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not related to resistance to the se
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In contrast to the situation in eas
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ROOT, R.B. 1973. Organization of a
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We tlhus neglect two potential sour
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c__ c__ 1T1 Ill a) a) 0 0 0 e 1 o e
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c_ >l.s S S S m N < DN DN < D c DN
Page 46 and 47: :hen k > 0 suggest that the cue or
Page 48 and 49: oth as protective weapons and as po
Page 50 and 51: DEFENSE THEORIES AND BIRCH RESISTAN
Page 52 and 53: P 45 A L 40 A T 35 A B 30 I L 25 I
Page 54 and 55: However, hares showed strong prefer
Page 56 and 57: DUGLE, J.A. 1966. A taxonomic study
Page 58 and 59: accommodate findings related to mic
Page 60 and 61: Table l.--Mean ±S.E. area eaten by
Page 62 and 63: Sulfhydryl-Disulfide Mechanisms In
Page 64 and 65: Iraa prior experimental analysis of
Page 66 and 67: FRAZIER, J.L. and HEITZ, J.R. 1975.
Page 68 and 69: REICHARD, R 1993. From RNA to DNA,
Page 70 and 71: ; trees, and between and within ind
Page 72 and 73: Encapsulated objects are data struc
Page 74 and 75: _re3.--The Lignum model can be cont
Page 76 and 77: SEVERE DEFOLIATION Tree Fine Root +
Page 78 and 79: RUMBAUGH, J., BLAHA, M., PREMERLANI
Page 80 and 81: oo0 a b ol ¢' _achiman_i ()® 1,eA
Page 82 and 83: 1000 Conspicuous Defo i at ion 100
Page 84 and 85: 2.oo 2.oo o t 4 t ¢._ e'- 1.80 1.8
Page 86 and 87: Qualitative Changes in [,eaves and
Page 88 and 89: t00 2 Yr 1 Yr o_ 80 Treatment Treat
Page 90 and 91: Table 2.--Body size of Q. purzctate
Page 92 and 93: 06 b AddedBSA < 04 _ 2rag -'=' i:3
Page 94 and 95: Severe Defol iat ion Site-A 1993 _
Page 98 and 99: enclosure %r 20 post-diapausing sec
Page 100 and 101: 2,500 F 000 F NF NF b _7 a _;_ a _7
Page 102 and 103: 8O D 09 i 4,'.) F AS4L a Z___7 2o !
Page 104 and 105: 2,500 _ st2-st4 El st5 0 st6 [_ pup
Page 106 and 107: 96 SLANSKY, E, Jr. 1990. Insect nut
Page 108 and 109: later, we selected one more floweri
Page 110 and 111: Table 2.---Mean spruce budworm perf
Page 112 and 113: Table 3..--Mean spruce budworm perf
Page 114 and 115: FOLIVORE FEEDING ON MALE CONIFER FL
Page 116 and 117: Table 3.--Lymantria monacha prefere
Page 118 and 119: 500- 400- i 300 v ¢ m a 200- I00 L
Page 120 and 121: From the point of view of trees, th
Page 122 and 123: THE BLACKMARGINED APHID AS A KEYSTO
Page 124 and 125: Wood et al. (1987) report that M. c
Page 126 and 127: MIZELL, R.E 1991. Pesticides and be
Page 128 and 129: METHODS Study Site The study took p
Page 130 and 131: the samples. Fertilization had subs
Page 132 and 133: Table 2.--Percent nutrient content
Page 134 and 135: Some tree responses to fertilizatio
Page 136 and 137: PHYTOCHEMICAL PROTECTION AND NATURA
Page 138 and 139: Indirect effects of abiotic factors
Page 140 and 141: HUNTER, M.D. and PRICE, P.W. 1992.
Page 142 and 143: A° ADDITIVE C. HYBRID SUSCEPTIBILI
Page 144 and 145: Galls, leaf miners, or leaf folds w
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Table 2.--Summary of the hypotheses
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the inheritance patterns of seconda
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FLOATE, K.D. and WHITHAM, T.G. 1993
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Elements of the Suitability/Defense
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Table l.--Comparing the mean number
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors sincer
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SINGH, D.R 1986_ Breeding for resis
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The objectives of this presentation
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Table 1.--Average weevil attack on
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1977, Kline and Mitchell 1979, Wood
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Further research is underway to cla
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A SUGI CLONE HIGHLY PALATABLE TO HA
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RESULTS Seasonal Stability of Palat
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-
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OGAWA, A., NAGATA, Y., and SUKENO,
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Field Work In
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Laboratory Procedures The week afte
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E 120 Nogent-sur-Vernisson Remnings
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Interdependence Between Reaction Zo
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alance hypothesis (Lorio 1986) cann
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SOLHEIM, H., LANGSTROM, B., and HEL
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In a second experiment, three 30-ye
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Considering biochemical pathways, i
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- = 120 N /'_" =40 1/ _ j Days 0 _
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BIGGS, A.R. 1985. Suberized boundar
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DIFFERENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WHIT
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Table 2.--Mortality of white fir pr
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Results from the geographic range p
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esulting seedlings were then rooted
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-0.2 0 5 82. _j -0,4 e a a a D4 E I
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1960, Kalkstein 1976). Increased su
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RYAN, B.F., JOtNER, B.L., and RYAN,
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It is seldom feasible to control wa
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15 15 u. 10 |O O N tal 5 5 g ao o 4
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Only recently have we conducted stu
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esistance to beetle attack. Another
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LORIO, EL., Jr'. and HODGES, J.D. 1
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EFFECTS OF ROOT INHABITING INSECT-F
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OCCURRENCE OF ROOT AND STEM SUBCORT
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]Predisposition of Root-infected Tr
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chemistry associated with root colo
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Implications to Natural Resource Ma
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KLEPZIG, K.D., RAFFA, K.F., and SMA
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RAFFA, K.F., PHILLIPS, T., and SALO
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METHODS The study was installed in
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FURNISS, M.M., LIVINGSTON, R.L., an
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METHODS In the spring and summer of
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The importance of a compound as a r
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WERNER, R.A. 1995. Toxicity and rep
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41 40 42 \ 4t 42 41 42 ",,,\ 42 40
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Table 1.--Summary data for the 26 p
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One weakness of using data from gen
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Lower Peninsula (populations 14-26)
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AUCLAIR, A.ND., WORREST, R.C., LACH
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KELLOMAKI, S., HANNINEN, H., and KO
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WARGO, RM. and HAACK, R.A. 1991. Un
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investigation. Sampling was done on
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Figure 2.--Changes in protein preci
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q) J 400 T J ! i i i i o control tr
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attacked trees than in control tree
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ACIDIC DEPOSITION, DROUGHT, AND INS
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Table 1.--Impact of acidic fog upon
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MENGEL, K., BREININGER, T., and LUT
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THE RESISTANCE OF SCOTCH PINE TO DE
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EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Experiments we
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C w Q. 1,200 1,000 o 800 C_ --- 600
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0 .................................
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FONTAtNE, R.G. 1985. Forty years of
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Host Defenses An important componen
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Functional Heterogeneity of Forest
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The Connectivity Index (CI). The CI
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FUNCTIONAL HETEROGENEITYANALYSIS :
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The Modified Hazard Map. The next l
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systems facilitate mapping of fores
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KOLASA, J. and ROLLO, C.D. 1991. In
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) i,i_i)i_)i_i_ U.S. Departme_]t of
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