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MENGEL, K., BREININGER, T., and LUTZ, H.J. 1990. Effect of simulated acidic fog on carbohydrate leaching, CO 2 assimilation and development of damage symptoms in young spruce trees (Picea abies L. Karst). Environ. and Exp. Bot. 30: 165-173. MUNZ, P.A. and KECK, D.D. 1968. A California flora and supplement. University of California Press, Los Angeles. MUSSELMAN, R.C. 1988. Acid neutralizing capacity of leave exposed to acidic fog. Environ. and Exp. Bot. 28: 27-32. MUSSELMAN, R.C. and MCCOOL, EM. 1989. Effects of acidic fog on productivity of celery and lettuce and impact on incidence and severity of diseases. Ann. Appl. Biol. 114: 559-565. MUSSELMAN, R.C. and J. L. STERRETT, J.L. 1988. Sensitivity of plants to acidic fog. J. Environ. Qual. I7: 329-333. ONUF, C.R 1978. Nutritive value as a factor in plant-insect interactions with an emphasis on field studies. In Montgomery, G., ed. The Ecology of Arboreal Folivores. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC. PAINE, T.D., REDAK, R.A., and TRUMBLE, J.T. 1993. Impact of acidic deposition on Enceliafarinosa Gray (Compositae: Asteraceae) and feeding preferences of Trirhabda geminata Horn (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J. Chem. Ecol. 19:97-105 PAOLETTI, E., GELLINI, R., and BARBOLANI, E. 1989. Effects of acid fog and detergents on foliar leaching of cations. Water, Air, and Soil Poll. 45: 49-61. PERKINS, H.C. 1974. Air Pollution. McGraw-Hill, New York. PRESTIDGE, R.A. 1982. Instar duration, adult consumption, oviposition and nitrogen utilization efficiencies of leafhoppers feeding on different quality food (Auchenorrhyncha: Homoptera). Ecol. Entomol. 7: 91-101. PRESTIDGE, R.A. and MCNEILL, S. 1983. The importance of nitrogen in the ecology of grassland Auchenorrhyncha. In Lee, J.A., McNeili, S., and Rorison, I.H., eds. Nitrogen as an Ecological Factor. 22nd Symp. Brit. Ecol. Soc. Biackwell Scientific Publ., Oxford. REDAK, R.A., PAINE, T.D., and TRUMBLE, J.T. In prep. A determination of the direct impact of acidic fogging upon the success (mortality and growth) of Trirhabda geminata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). for Oecologia. RHOADES, D.F. 1983. Herbivore population dynamics and plant chemistry. In Denno, R.F. and McClure, M.S., eds. Variable Plants and Herbivores in Natural and Managed Systems. Academic Press, London. ROSENTHAL, G.A. and JANZEN, D.H. 1979. Herbivores: Their Interaction with Secondary Plant Metabolites. Academic Press, London. SHOWMAN, R.E. 1991. A comparison of ozone injury to vegetation during moist and drought years. J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc. 41" 63-64. SHRINER, D.S. 1986. Terrestrial ecosystems: wet deposition. In Legge, A.H. and Rupa, S.V., eds. Air pollutants and their effects on the terrestrial ecosystem. Advances in Environmental Science and Technology, v 18. John Wiley and Sons, New York. STRONG, D.R., LAWTON, J.H., and SOUTHWOOD, R. 1984. Insects on Plants. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA. TAKEMOTO, B.K., JOHNSON, A.G., PARADA, C.R., and OLSZYK, D.M. 1989. Physiology and yield of field-grown Brassica oleracea L. exposed to acidic fog. New Phytol. 112: 369-375. 261
TEMPLE, RJ., RIECHERS, G.H., and MILLER, RR. 1992. Foliar injury responses of ponderosa pine seedlings to ozone, we and dry acidic deposition, and drought. Environ. and Exp. Bot. 32:101-113. '_ TINGEY, D.T. and HOGSETT, W.E. 1985. Water stress reduces ozone injury via a stomatal mechanism. Plant Physiol. 77" 944-947. TRESHOW, M. 1984. Air Pollution and Plant Life. John Wiley and Sons, New York. TRUMBLE, J.T. and HARE, J.D. 1989. Acidic fog-induced changes in host-plant suitability. J. Chem. Ecol. 15: 2379-2390. TRUMBLE, J.T. and WALKER, G.E 1991. Acute effects of acidic fog on photosynthetic activity and morphology of _ Phaseotus lunatus. HortScience 26:1531-1534. TRUMBLE, J.T., HARE, J.D., MUSSELMAN, R.C., and MCCOOL, E 1987. Ozone-induced changes in host-plant suitability: interactions of Keiferia lycopersicella and Lycopersicon esculentum. J. Chem. Ecol. 13:203-218. VON SURY, R. and FLUCKIGER, W. 1991. Effects of air pollution and water stress on leaf blight and twig cankers of London planes (Platanus X acerifolia (Ait.) Willd.) caused by Apiognomonia veneta (Sacc. and Speg.) Hohn. New Phytol. 118: 397-405. WALDMAN, J.M., MUNGER, J.W., JACOB, D.J., FLAGEN, R.C., MORGAN, J.J., and HOFFMAN, M.R. 1982. Chemical composition of acid fog. Science 218: 677-680. WARRINGTON, S. and WHITTAKER, J.B. 1990. Interactions between sitka spruce, the green spruce aphid, sulphur dioxide pollution and drought. Environ. Poll. 65: 363-370. WHITE, T.C.R. 1984. The abundance of invertebrate herbivores in relation to the availability of nitrogen in stressed food plants. Oecologia 63" 90-105. WISDOM, C. 1985. Use of chemical variation and predation as plant defenses by Enceliafarinosa against a specialist herbivore. J. Chem. Ecol. 11" 1553-1565. WISDOM, C. 1988. Comparisons of insect use and chemical defense patterns of two Sonoran desert shrubs, p. 36-49. In Zahary, R.G., ed. Desert Ecology 1986: A Research Symposium. Southern California Academy of Sciences and the Southern California Desert Studies Consortium. WISDOM, C. and RODRIGUEZ, E. 1982. Quantitative variation of the sesquiterpene lactones and chromenes of Encelia farinosa. Biochem. Syst. and Ecol. 10: 43-48. WISDOM, C. and RODRIGUEZ, E. 1983. Seasonal age-specific measurements of the sesquiterpene lactones and chromenes of Enceliafarinosa. Biochem. Syst. Ecol. 11"43-48. WISDOM, C.S., SMILEY, J.T., and RODRIGUEZ, E. 1983. Toxicity and deterrency of sesquiterpene lactones and chromenes to the corn earworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 76: 993-998. 262
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DYNAMICS OF FOREST HERBIVORY: QUEST
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Seeking The Rules
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32. Companion planting of the nitro
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GRIMALSKY, ¥.I., Research Institut
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POUTTU, ANTTI, Finnish Forest Resea
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persist in mature leaves and affect
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THE SINK-SOURCE HYPOTHESIS: TYPE AN
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late season defoliation decreases t
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BLANCHE, C.A., LORIO, EL., Jr., SOM
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NIEMELA, R, TUOMI, J,, and LOJANDER
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induced reactions have been studied
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summer, but the other sawfly specie
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LARSSON, S., BJ(_RKMAN, C., and GRE
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STAND AND LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY AS A
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not related to resistance to the se
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In contrast to the situation in eas
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ROOT, R.B. 1973. Organization of a
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We tlhus neglect two potential sour
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c__ c__ 1T1 Ill a) a) 0 0 0 e 1 o e
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c_ >l.s S S S m N < DN DN < D c DN
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:hen k > 0 suggest that the cue or
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oth as protective weapons and as po
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DEFENSE THEORIES AND BIRCH RESISTAN
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P 45 A L 40 A T 35 A B 30 I L 25 I
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However, hares showed strong prefer
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DUGLE, J.A. 1966. A taxonomic study
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accommodate findings related to mic
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Table l.--Mean ±S.E. area eaten by
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Sulfhydryl-Disulfide Mechanisms In
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Iraa prior experimental analysis of
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FRAZIER, J.L. and HEITZ, J.R. 1975.
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REICHARD, R 1993. From RNA to DNA,
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; trees, and between and within ind
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Encapsulated objects are data struc
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_re3.--The Lignum model can be cont
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SEVERE DEFOLIATION Tree Fine Root +
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RUMBAUGH, J., BLAHA, M., PREMERLANI
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oo0 a b ol ¢' _achiman_i ()® 1,eA
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1000 Conspicuous Defo i at ion 100
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2.oo 2.oo o t 4 t ¢._ e'- 1.80 1.8
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Qualitative Changes in [,eaves and
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t00 2 Yr 1 Yr o_ 80 Treatment Treat
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Table 2.--Body size of Q. purzctate
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06 b AddedBSA < 04 _ 2rag -'=' i:3
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Severe Defol iat ion Site-A 1993 _
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KAMATA, N. and IGARASHI, M. 1995b.
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enclosure %r 20 post-diapausing sec
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2,500 F 000 F NF NF b _7 a _;_ a _7
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8O D 09 i 4,'.) F AS4L a Z___7 2o !
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2,500 _ st2-st4 El st5 0 st6 [_ pup
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96 SLANSKY, E, Jr. 1990. Insect nut
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later, we selected one more floweri
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Table 2.---Mean spruce budworm perf
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Table 3..--Mean spruce budworm perf
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FOLIVORE FEEDING ON MALE CONIFER FL
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Table 3.--Lymantria monacha prefere
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500- 400- i 300 v ¢ m a 200- I00 L
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From the point of view of trees, th
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THE BLACKMARGINED APHID AS A KEYSTO
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Wood et al. (1987) report that M. c
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MIZELL, R.E 1991. Pesticides and be
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METHODS Study Site The study took p
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the samples. Fertilization had subs
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Table 2.--Percent nutrient content
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Some tree responses to fertilizatio
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PHYTOCHEMICAL PROTECTION AND NATURA
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Indirect effects of abiotic factors
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HUNTER, M.D. and PRICE, P.W. 1992.
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A° ADDITIVE C. HYBRID SUSCEPTIBILI
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Galls, leaf miners, or leaf folds w
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Table 2.--Summary of the hypotheses
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the inheritance patterns of seconda
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FLOATE, K.D. and WHITHAM, T.G. 1993
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Elements of the Suitability/Defense
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Table l.--Comparing the mean number
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors sincer
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SINGH, D.R 1986_ Breeding for resis
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The objectives of this presentation
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Table 1.--Average weevil attack on
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1977, Kline and Mitchell 1979, Wood
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Further research is underway to cla
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A SUGI CLONE HIGHLY PALATABLE TO HA
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RESULTS Seasonal Stability of Palat
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-
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OGAWA, A., NAGATA, Y., and SUKENO,
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Field Work In
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Laboratory Procedures The week afte
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E 120 Nogent-sur-Vernisson Remnings
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Interdependence Between Reaction Zo
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alance hypothesis (Lorio 1986) cann
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SOLHEIM, H., LANGSTROM, B., and HEL
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In a second experiment, three 30-ye
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Considering biochemical pathways, i
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- = 120 N /'_" =40 1/ _ j Days 0 _
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BIGGS, A.R. 1985. Suberized boundar
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DIFFERENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WHIT
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Table 2.--Mortality of white fir pr
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Results from the geographic range p
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esulting seedlings were then rooted
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-0.2 0 5 82. _j -0,4 e a a a D4 E I
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1960, Kalkstein 1976). Increased su
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RYAN, B.F., JOtNER, B.L., and RYAN,
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It is seldom feasible to control wa
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15 15 u. 10 |O O N tal 5 5 g ao o 4
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Only recently have we conducted stu
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esistance to beetle attack. Another
Page 218 and 219:
LORIO, EL., Jr'. and HODGES, J.D. 1
Page 220 and 221: EFFECTS OF ROOT INHABITING INSECT-F
Page 222 and 223: OCCURRENCE OF ROOT AND STEM SUBCORT
Page 224 and 225: ]Predisposition of Root-infected Tr
Page 226 and 227: chemistry associated with root colo
Page 228 and 229: Implications to Natural Resource Ma
Page 230 and 231: KLEPZIG, K.D., RAFFA, K.F., and SMA
Page 232 and 233: RAFFA, K.F., PHILLIPS, T., and SALO
Page 234 and 235: METHODS The study was installed in
Page 236 and 237: FURNISS, M.M., LIVINGSTON, R.L., an
Page 238 and 239: METHODS In the spring and summer of
Page 240 and 241: The importance of a compound as a r
Page 242 and 243: WERNER, R.A. 1995. Toxicity and rep
Page 244 and 245: 41 40 42 \ 4t 42 41 42 ",,,\ 42 40
Page 246 and 247: Table 1.--Summary data for the 26 p
Page 248 and 249: One weakness of using data from gen
Page 250 and 251: Lower Peninsula (populations 14-26)
Page 252 and 253: AUCLAIR, A.ND., WORREST, R.C., LACH
Page 254 and 255: KELLOMAKI, S., HANNINEN, H., and KO
Page 256 and 257: WARGO, RM. and HAACK, R.A. 1991. Un
Page 258 and 259: investigation. Sampling was done on
Page 260 and 261: Figure 2.--Changes in protein preci
Page 262 and 263: q) J 400 T J ! i i i i o control tr
Page 264 and 265: attacked trees than in control tree
Page 266 and 267: ACIDIC DEPOSITION, DROUGHT, AND INS
Page 268 and 269: Table 1.--Impact of acidic fog upon
Page 272 and 273: THE RESISTANCE OF SCOTCH PINE TO DE
Page 274 and 275: EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Experiments we
Page 276 and 277: C w Q. 1,200 1,000 o 800 C_ --- 600
Page 278 and 279: 0 .................................
Page 280 and 281: FONTAtNE, R.G. 1985. Forty years of
Page 282 and 283: Host Defenses An important componen
Page 284 and 285: Functional Heterogeneity of Forest
Page 286 and 287: The Connectivity Index (CI). The CI
Page 288 and 289: FUNCTIONAL HETEROGENEITYANALYSIS :
Page 290 and 291: The Modified Hazard Map. The next l
Page 292 and 293: systems facilitate mapping of fores
Page 294 and 295: KOLASA, J. and ROLLO, C.D. 1991. In
Page 296: ) i,i_i)i_)i_i_ U.S. Departme_]t of
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