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KOLASA, J. and ROLLO, C.D. 1991. Introduction: The heterogeneity of heterogeneity: a glossary. In Kolasa, J. and Pickett, S.T.A., eds. Ecological Heterogeneity. Ecological Studies 86. Springer-Verlag, NY. KOLASA, J. and PICKETT, S.T.A., eds. 1991. Ecological Heterogeneity. Ecol. Studies 86. Springer-Verlag, NY. LEVIN, S.A. 1992. The problem of pattern and scale in ecology. Ecology 73: 1943-67. LIEBOLD, A.M. and BARRETT, H.R., eds. 1993. Proceedings: Spatial Analysis and Forest Pest management. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-175. Radnor, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. LORIO, RL., Jr. 1980. Rating stands for susceptibility to SPB. In Thatcher, R C., Searcy, J.L., Coster, J.E., and Hertel, G.D., eds. The Southern Pine Beetle. Tech. Bull. 1631. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service and Science and Education Administration. LORIO, RL., Jr. 1988. Growth and differentiation balance relationships in pines affect their resistance to bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). In Mattson, W.J., Levieux, J., and Bernard-Dagan, C., eds. Mechanisms of Woody Plant Defenses Against Insects: Search for Pattern. Springer Verlag, NY. LOVELADY, C.N., PULLEY, RE., COULSON, R,N., and FLAMM, R.O. 1991. Relation of lightning to herbivory by the southern pine bark beetle guild (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Environ. Entomol. 20: 1279-1284. LOVELADY, C.N. 1994. Landscape Study of Bark Beetle Herbivory and the Lightning Disturbance Regime. Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas A&M University. 127 p. MASON, G.N., LORIO, RL., Jr., BELANGER, R.R, and NETTLETON, W.A. 1985. Rating the susceptibility of stands to southern pine beetle attack. Agric. Handb. 645. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. McFADDEN, B.A. 1994. Predicting Forest Insect Outbreaks: The Role of Lightning in the Epidemiology of the Southern Pine Beetle. MS Thesis, Texas A&M University (In prep.). McINTOSH, R.R 1991. Concept and terminology of homogeneity and heterogeneity in ecology, Chapter 2 (p. 23-46). In Kolasa, J. and Pickett, S.T.A., eds. Ecological Heterogeneity. Ecol. Studies 86. Springer-Verlag, NY. PICKETT, S.T.A. and R S. WHITE, RS., eds. 1985. The Ecology of Natural Disturbance and Patch Dynamics. Academic Press, NY. 472 p. PLATT, W.J. and STRONG, D.R., eds. 1989. Gaps in forest ecology (special feature). Ecology 70: 535-76. POPE, D.N., COULSON, R.N., FARGO, W.S., GAGNE, J.A., and KELLEY, C.W. 1980. The allocation process and between-tree survival probabilities in Dendroctonusfrontalis infestations. Res. Pop. Ecol. 22: 197-210. PULLIAN, H.R. 1988. Sources, sinks, and population regulation. Am. Nat. 132: 652-661. PULLIAN, H.R and DANIELSON, B.J. 1991. Sources, sinks, and habitat selection: a landscape perspective on population dynamics. Am. Nat. 137: 550-566. RYKIEL, E.J., Jr., COULSON, R.N., SHARPE, RJ.H., ALLEN, T.F.H., and FLAMM, R.O. 1988. Disturbance propagation by bark beetles as an episodic landscape phenomenon. J. Land. Ecol. 1: 129-39. SCHOWALTER, T.D., COULSON, R.N., and CROSSLEY, D.A., Jr. 1981. Role of southern pine beetle and fire in maintenance of structure and function of the southeastern coniferous forest. Environ. Entomol. 10:821-825. SMITH, M.T., SALOM, S.M., and PAYNE, T.L. 1993. The Southern Pine Bark Beetle Guild: An Historical Review of Research on the Semiochemical-Based Communication System of the Five Principal Species. Virginia Agric. Experiment Stn. Bulletin 93-4. 285
SOUTHWOOD, T.R.E. 1977. Habitat, the templet for ecological strategies. J. Anita. Ecol. 46: 337-65. TURNER, M.G., ed. 1987. Landscape Heterogeneity and Disturbance. Ecol. Studies 65. Springer-Verlag, NY .... TURNER, M.G. 1989. Landscape ecology: the effect of pattern on process. Annu. Rev. Ecology and Systematics. 20: 11711- 97. TURNER, M.G. and GARDNER, R.H., eds. 1991. Quantitative Methods in Landscape Ecology. Ecological Studies 82. Springer-Verlag, NY. t TURNER, S.J., O'NEIL, R.V., CONLEY, W., CONLEY, M.R., and GROVER, H.D. 1991. Pattern and scale: statistics for l landscape ecology. In Turner, M.G. and Garner, R.H., eds. Quantitative Methods in Landscape Ecology. Ecological Studies 82. Springer-Verlag, NY. 536 p. WAGNER, T.L., GAGNE, J.A., SHARPE, EJ.H., and COULSON, R.N. 1984. Effects of constant temperature on longevity of adult southern pine beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Environ. Entomol. 13:1125-1130. WIENS, J.A. 1989. Spatial scaling in ecology. Functional Ecology 3: 385-97. _ WIENS, J.A. 1992. Ecological flows across landscape boundaries: a conceptual overview, Chapter 10 (p. 217-35). In _ Hansen, A.J. and di Castri, E, eds. Landscape Boundaries: consequences for biotic diversity and ecological flows. _ Ecological Studies 92. Springer-Verlag, NY. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We acknowledge and thank Audrey M. Bunting for assistance in the preparation of the figures and text of this paper. We are grateful to the USDA Forest Service, National Forests in Texas for providing access to GIS databases and forest management records; and to the Texas Forest Service for providing access to their operational records on D. frontalis. The work reported herein was supported by the USDA Competitive Grants Program [TEX06961 (Landscape Study of Bark Beetle Herbivory and the Lightning Disturbance Regime) and TEX08185 (Predicting Forest Insect Outbreaks)], and by the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. This paper is TA No. 31482 of the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station. 286 _U.S. _ PRINTING OFFICE: 1996-757--939
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DYNAMICS OF FOREST HERBIVORY: QUEST
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Seeking The Rules
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32. Companion planting of the nitro
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GRIMALSKY, ¥.I., Research Institut
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POUTTU, ANTTI, Finnish Forest Resea
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persist in mature leaves and affect
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THE SINK-SOURCE HYPOTHESIS: TYPE AN
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late season defoliation decreases t
Page 19 and 20:
BLANCHE, C.A., LORIO, EL., Jr., SOM
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NIEMELA, R, TUOMI, J,, and LOJANDER
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induced reactions have been studied
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summer, but the other sawfly specie
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LARSSON, S., BJ(_RKMAN, C., and GRE
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STAND AND LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY AS A
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not related to resistance to the se
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In contrast to the situation in eas
Page 38 and 39:
ROOT, R.B. 1973. Organization of a
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We tlhus neglect two potential sour
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c__ c__ 1T1 Ill a) a) 0 0 0 e 1 o e
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c_ >l.s S S S m N < DN DN < D c DN
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:hen k > 0 suggest that the cue or
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oth as protective weapons and as po
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DEFENSE THEORIES AND BIRCH RESISTAN
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P 45 A L 40 A T 35 A B 30 I L 25 I
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However, hares showed strong prefer
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DUGLE, J.A. 1966. A taxonomic study
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accommodate findings related to mic
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Table l.--Mean ±S.E. area eaten by
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Sulfhydryl-Disulfide Mechanisms In
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Iraa prior experimental analysis of
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FRAZIER, J.L. and HEITZ, J.R. 1975.
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REICHARD, R 1993. From RNA to DNA,
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; trees, and between and within ind
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Encapsulated objects are data struc
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_re3.--The Lignum model can be cont
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SEVERE DEFOLIATION Tree Fine Root +
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RUMBAUGH, J., BLAHA, M., PREMERLANI
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oo0 a b ol ¢' _achiman_i ()® 1,eA
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1000 Conspicuous Defo i at ion 100
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2.oo 2.oo o t 4 t ¢._ e'- 1.80 1.8
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Qualitative Changes in [,eaves and
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t00 2 Yr 1 Yr o_ 80 Treatment Treat
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Table 2.--Body size of Q. purzctate
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06 b AddedBSA < 04 _ 2rag -'=' i:3
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Severe Defol iat ion Site-A 1993 _
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KAMATA, N. and IGARASHI, M. 1995b.
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enclosure %r 20 post-diapausing sec
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2,500 F 000 F NF NF b _7 a _;_ a _7
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8O D 09 i 4,'.) F AS4L a Z___7 2o !
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2,500 _ st2-st4 El st5 0 st6 [_ pup
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96 SLANSKY, E, Jr. 1990. Insect nut
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later, we selected one more floweri
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Table 2.---Mean spruce budworm perf
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Table 3..--Mean spruce budworm perf
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FOLIVORE FEEDING ON MALE CONIFER FL
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Table 3.--Lymantria monacha prefere
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500- 400- i 300 v ¢ m a 200- I00 L
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From the point of view of trees, th
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THE BLACKMARGINED APHID AS A KEYSTO
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Wood et al. (1987) report that M. c
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MIZELL, R.E 1991. Pesticides and be
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METHODS Study Site The study took p
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the samples. Fertilization had subs
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Table 2.--Percent nutrient content
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Some tree responses to fertilizatio
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PHYTOCHEMICAL PROTECTION AND NATURA
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Indirect effects of abiotic factors
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HUNTER, M.D. and PRICE, P.W. 1992.
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A° ADDITIVE C. HYBRID SUSCEPTIBILI
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Galls, leaf miners, or leaf folds w
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Table 2.--Summary of the hypotheses
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the inheritance patterns of seconda
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FLOATE, K.D. and WHITHAM, T.G. 1993
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Elements of the Suitability/Defense
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Table l.--Comparing the mean number
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors sincer
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SINGH, D.R 1986_ Breeding for resis
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The objectives of this presentation
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Table 1.--Average weevil attack on
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1977, Kline and Mitchell 1979, Wood
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Further research is underway to cla
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A SUGI CLONE HIGHLY PALATABLE TO HA
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RESULTS Seasonal Stability of Palat
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-
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OGAWA, A., NAGATA, Y., and SUKENO,
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Field Work In
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Laboratory Procedures The week afte
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E 120 Nogent-sur-Vernisson Remnings
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Interdependence Between Reaction Zo
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alance hypothesis (Lorio 1986) cann
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SOLHEIM, H., LANGSTROM, B., and HEL
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In a second experiment, three 30-ye
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Considering biochemical pathways, i
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- = 120 N /'_" =40 1/ _ j Days 0 _
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BIGGS, A.R. 1985. Suberized boundar
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DIFFERENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WHIT
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Table 2.--Mortality of white fir pr
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Results from the geographic range p
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esulting seedlings were then rooted
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-0.2 0 5 82. _j -0,4 e a a a D4 E I
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1960, Kalkstein 1976). Increased su
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RYAN, B.F., JOtNER, B.L., and RYAN,
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It is seldom feasible to control wa
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15 15 u. 10 |O O N tal 5 5 g ao o 4
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Only recently have we conducted stu
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esistance to beetle attack. Another
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LORIO, EL., Jr'. and HODGES, J.D. 1
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EFFECTS OF ROOT INHABITING INSECT-F
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OCCURRENCE OF ROOT AND STEM SUBCORT
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]Predisposition of Root-infected Tr
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chemistry associated with root colo
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Implications to Natural Resource Ma
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KLEPZIG, K.D., RAFFA, K.F., and SMA
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RAFFA, K.F., PHILLIPS, T., and SALO
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METHODS The study was installed in
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FURNISS, M.M., LIVINGSTON, R.L., an
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METHODS In the spring and summer of
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The importance of a compound as a r
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WERNER, R.A. 1995. Toxicity and rep
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Page 246 and 247: Table 1.--Summary data for the 26 p
Page 248 and 249: One weakness of using data from gen
Page 250 and 251: Lower Peninsula (populations 14-26)
Page 252 and 253: AUCLAIR, A.ND., WORREST, R.C., LACH
Page 254 and 255: KELLOMAKI, S., HANNINEN, H., and KO
Page 256 and 257: WARGO, RM. and HAACK, R.A. 1991. Un
Page 258 and 259: investigation. Sampling was done on
Page 260 and 261: Figure 2.--Changes in protein preci
Page 262 and 263: q) J 400 T J ! i i i i o control tr
Page 264 and 265: attacked trees than in control tree
Page 266 and 267: ACIDIC DEPOSITION, DROUGHT, AND INS
Page 268 and 269: Table 1.--Impact of acidic fog upon
Page 270 and 271: MENGEL, K., BREININGER, T., and LUT
Page 272 and 273: THE RESISTANCE OF SCOTCH PINE TO DE
Page 274 and 275: EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Experiments we
Page 276 and 277: C w Q. 1,200 1,000 o 800 C_ --- 600
Page 278 and 279: 0 .................................
Page 280 and 281: FONTAtNE, R.G. 1985. Forty years of
Page 282 and 283: Host Defenses An important componen
Page 284 and 285: Functional Heterogeneity of Forest
Page 286 and 287: The Connectivity Index (CI). The CI
Page 288 and 289: FUNCTIONAL HETEROGENEITYANALYSIS :
Page 290 and 291: The Modified Hazard Map. The next l
Page 292 and 293: systems facilitate mapping of fores
Page 296: ) i,i_i)i_)i_i_ U.S. Departme_]t of
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