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RUMBAUGH, J., BLAHA, M., PREMERLANI, W., EDDY, E. and LORENSEN, W. 1991. Object-oriented modeling and design. 50() p. Prentice-Hall, Engtewood Cliffs, New Jersey. SAARENMAA, H. 1991. Object-oriented design of topological tree and forest models, 2 p. In Proceedings of the First European Symposium on Terrestrial Ecosystems: Forests and Woodlands. Florence, Italy, May 20-24, 1991. SAA_NMAA, H., PERTTUNEN, J., VAKEVA, J., and NIKULA, A. 1994. Object-oriented modeling of the tasks and agents in integrated forest health management. AI Applications 8(1): (In print). SALMINEN, H., SAARENMAA, H., PERTTUNEN, J., and VAKEVA, J. 1994. Modelling the hierarchical structure of trees with an object-oriented scheme, 18 p. In Resource Technology '94. International Symposium in Natural Resource Management (In print). SEQUEIRA, R.A., SHARPE, RJ.H., STONE, N.D., EL-ZlK, K.M., and MAKELA, M.E. 1991. Object-oriented simulation: plant growth and discrete organ to organ interactions. Ecol. Model. 58: 55-89. SIEVANEN, R. 1992. Construction and identification of models for tree and stand growth. Helsinki university of technology. Automation _1_chnology Laboratory. Series A: Research Reports 9, 155 p. TORASSO, R and CONSOLE, L. 1989. Diagnostic problem solving. 243 p. North Oxford Academic, London. TROENG, E. and LANGSTROM, B. 1991. Gas exchange in young Scots pine following pruning of current shoots. Ann. Sci. Forn. (Paris) 48: 359-366. 67
DEFOLIATION OF FAGUS CRENATA AFFECTS THE POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE BEECH CATERPILLAR, QUADRICALCARIFERA PUNCTATELLA NAOTO KAMATA t, YUTAKA IGARASHI I, and SEIJI OHARA 2 _Laboratory of Forest Entomology, Tohoku Research Center Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute Nabeyashiki 72, Shimokuriyagawa, Morioka, Iwate 020-01, Japan 2Laboratory of Chemical Conversion, Wood Chemistry Division Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute Matshunosato 1, Kukizaki, Inashiki, Ibaraki 305, Japan INTRODUCTION In spite of remarkable progress in understanding the ecology of plant-herbivore interactions during the past 90 years, there is little yet known about the interactions between beeches and their folivores (Edwards and Wratten 1983, Edwards et al. 1986). Two beeches, Fagus crenata and E japonica, are dominant in the deciduous, broad-leaved forests of the cooltemperature zone in Japan. They are found from the southern part of Hokkaido, the northernmost main island, to the high mountains of Kyushu, the southernmost. The beech caterpillar, Quadricalcarifera punctatella (Motschulsky) (Lepidoptera: Notodontidae), is a monophagous species which feeds on beech leaves and occasionally completely defoliates the trees. V_e studied its population dynamics and tested the maternal effects hypothesis (Rossiter 1992) and the inducible resistance hypothesis, assuming that food deterioration occurs in beech following herbivory. A further objective was to determine the exact mechanisms by which Q. punctatella body size and density decrease after an outbreak has occurred. Life History and Features of Outbreaks Q. punctatella is a univoltine species (Igarashi, 1975). The pupa overwinters in the ground, and the adult emerges from late May to late July with a peak in mid- to late June (Kamata and Igarashi 1995a). Eggs are laid in masses on the underside of beech leaves, the total number per female being about 350. These are laid in several masses, each containing 20-100 eggs (Kamata and Igarashi 1995b). The larva feeds only on beech leaves and molts 3 or 4 times. The peak appearance of the last instar larva is in early August. Serious outbreaks have been recorded since 1917, and outbreaks are known from central Honshu, the main island of Japan, to southern Hokkaido (Fig. 1) (Kamata and Igarashi 1995d). Most intervals between outbreaks have been 8-12 years and the average duration 1-4 years. Outbreaks in many regions have been synchronized even though the period of one or the time between two differed by time and place. METHODS Study Sites Larval density was estimated in Hakkohda (Site A), Hachimantai (Site B), and Appi (Site C), located in the northern part of Honshu island (Fig. 1). Outbreaks have been recorded at Sites A and B, but no conspicuous defoliation has ever been recorded in Site C (Kamata et al. in preparation). Mattson, W.J., Niemelii, P., and Rousi, M., eds. 1996. Dynamics of forest herbivory: quest for pattern and principle. U_IS)_A For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep, NC-183, N.C. For. Exp. Sta., St. Paul, MN 55108. 68
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DYNAMICS OF FOREST HERBIVORY: QUEST
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Seeking The Rules
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32. Companion planting of the nitro
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GRIMALSKY, ¥.I., Research Institut
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POUTTU, ANTTI, Finnish Forest Resea
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persist in mature leaves and affect
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THE SINK-SOURCE HYPOTHESIS: TYPE AN
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late season defoliation decreases t
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BLANCHE, C.A., LORIO, EL., Jr., SOM
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NIEMELA, R, TUOMI, J,, and LOJANDER
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induced reactions have been studied
Page 28 and 29: summer, but the other sawfly specie
Page 30 and 31: LARSSON, S., BJ(_RKMAN, C., and GRE
Page 32 and 33: STAND AND LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY AS A
Page 34 and 35: not related to resistance to the se
Page 36 and 37: In contrast to the situation in eas
Page 38 and 39: ROOT, R.B. 1973. Organization of a
Page 40 and 41: We tlhus neglect two potential sour
Page 42 and 43: c__ c__ 1T1 Ill a) a) 0 0 0 e 1 o e
Page 44 and 45: c_ >l.s S S S m N < DN DN < D c DN
Page 46 and 47: :hen k > 0 suggest that the cue or
Page 48 and 49: oth as protective weapons and as po
Page 50 and 51: DEFENSE THEORIES AND BIRCH RESISTAN
Page 52 and 53: P 45 A L 40 A T 35 A B 30 I L 25 I
Page 54 and 55: However, hares showed strong prefer
Page 56 and 57: DUGLE, J.A. 1966. A taxonomic study
Page 58 and 59: accommodate findings related to mic
Page 60 and 61: Table l.--Mean ±S.E. area eaten by
Page 62 and 63: Sulfhydryl-Disulfide Mechanisms In
Page 64 and 65: Iraa prior experimental analysis of
Page 66 and 67: FRAZIER, J.L. and HEITZ, J.R. 1975.
Page 68 and 69: REICHARD, R 1993. From RNA to DNA,
Page 70 and 71: ; trees, and between and within ind
Page 72 and 73: Encapsulated objects are data struc
Page 74 and 75: _re3.--The Lignum model can be cont
Page 76 and 77: SEVERE DEFOLIATION Tree Fine Root +
Page 80 and 81: oo0 a b ol ¢' _achiman_i ()® 1,eA
Page 82 and 83: 1000 Conspicuous Defo i at ion 100
Page 84 and 85: 2.oo 2.oo o t 4 t ¢._ e'- 1.80 1.8
Page 86 and 87: Qualitative Changes in [,eaves and
Page 88 and 89: t00 2 Yr 1 Yr o_ 80 Treatment Treat
Page 90 and 91: Table 2.--Body size of Q. purzctate
Page 92 and 93: 06 b AddedBSA < 04 _ 2rag -'=' i:3
Page 94 and 95: Severe Defol iat ion Site-A 1993 _
Page 96 and 97: KAMATA, N. and IGARASHI, M. 1995b.
Page 98 and 99: enclosure %r 20 post-diapausing sec
Page 100 and 101: 2,500 F 000 F NF NF b _7 a _;_ a _7
Page 102 and 103: 8O D 09 i 4,'.) F AS4L a Z___7 2o !
Page 104 and 105: 2,500 _ st2-st4 El st5 0 st6 [_ pup
Page 106 and 107: 96 SLANSKY, E, Jr. 1990. Insect nut
Page 108 and 109: later, we selected one more floweri
Page 110 and 111: Table 2.---Mean spruce budworm perf
Page 112 and 113: Table 3..--Mean spruce budworm perf
Page 114 and 115: FOLIVORE FEEDING ON MALE CONIFER FL
Page 116 and 117: Table 3.--Lymantria monacha prefere
Page 118 and 119: 500- 400- i 300 v ¢ m a 200- I00 L
Page 120 and 121: From the point of view of trees, th
Page 122 and 123: THE BLACKMARGINED APHID AS A KEYSTO
Page 124 and 125: Wood et al. (1987) report that M. c
Page 126 and 127: MIZELL, R.E 1991. Pesticides and be
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METHODS Study Site The study took p
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the samples. Fertilization had subs
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Table 2.--Percent nutrient content
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Some tree responses to fertilizatio
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PHYTOCHEMICAL PROTECTION AND NATURA
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Indirect effects of abiotic factors
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HUNTER, M.D. and PRICE, P.W. 1992.
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A° ADDITIVE C. HYBRID SUSCEPTIBILI
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Galls, leaf miners, or leaf folds w
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Table 2.--Summary of the hypotheses
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the inheritance patterns of seconda
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FLOATE, K.D. and WHITHAM, T.G. 1993
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Elements of the Suitability/Defense
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Table l.--Comparing the mean number
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors sincer
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SINGH, D.R 1986_ Breeding for resis
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The objectives of this presentation
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Table 1.--Average weevil attack on
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1977, Kline and Mitchell 1979, Wood
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Further research is underway to cla
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A SUGI CLONE HIGHLY PALATABLE TO HA
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RESULTS Seasonal Stability of Palat
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-
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OGAWA, A., NAGATA, Y., and SUKENO,
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Field Work In
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Laboratory Procedures The week afte
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E 120 Nogent-sur-Vernisson Remnings
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Interdependence Between Reaction Zo
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alance hypothesis (Lorio 1986) cann
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SOLHEIM, H., LANGSTROM, B., and HEL
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In a second experiment, three 30-ye
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Considering biochemical pathways, i
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- = 120 N /'_" =40 1/ _ j Days 0 _
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BIGGS, A.R. 1985. Suberized boundar
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DIFFERENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WHIT
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Table 2.--Mortality of white fir pr
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Results from the geographic range p
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esulting seedlings were then rooted
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-0.2 0 5 82. _j -0,4 e a a a D4 E I
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1960, Kalkstein 1976). Increased su
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RYAN, B.F., JOtNER, B.L., and RYAN,
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It is seldom feasible to control wa
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15 15 u. 10 |O O N tal 5 5 g ao o 4
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Only recently have we conducted stu
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esistance to beetle attack. Another
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LORIO, EL., Jr'. and HODGES, J.D. 1
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EFFECTS OF ROOT INHABITING INSECT-F
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OCCURRENCE OF ROOT AND STEM SUBCORT
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]Predisposition of Root-infected Tr
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chemistry associated with root colo
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Implications to Natural Resource Ma
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KLEPZIG, K.D., RAFFA, K.F., and SMA
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RAFFA, K.F., PHILLIPS, T., and SALO
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METHODS The study was installed in
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FURNISS, M.M., LIVINGSTON, R.L., an
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METHODS In the spring and summer of
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The importance of a compound as a r
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WERNER, R.A. 1995. Toxicity and rep
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41 40 42 \ 4t 42 41 42 ",,,\ 42 40
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Table 1.--Summary data for the 26 p
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One weakness of using data from gen
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Lower Peninsula (populations 14-26)
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AUCLAIR, A.ND., WORREST, R.C., LACH
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KELLOMAKI, S., HANNINEN, H., and KO
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WARGO, RM. and HAACK, R.A. 1991. Un
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investigation. Sampling was done on
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Figure 2.--Changes in protein preci
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q) J 400 T J ! i i i i o control tr
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attacked trees than in control tree
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ACIDIC DEPOSITION, DROUGHT, AND INS
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Table 1.--Impact of acidic fog upon
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MENGEL, K., BREININGER, T., and LUT
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THE RESISTANCE OF SCOTCH PINE TO DE
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EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Experiments we
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C w Q. 1,200 1,000 o 800 C_ --- 600
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0 .................................
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FONTAtNE, R.G. 1985. Forty years of
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Host Defenses An important componen
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Functional Heterogeneity of Forest
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The Connectivity Index (CI). The CI
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FUNCTIONAL HETEROGENEITYANALYSIS :
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The Modified Hazard Map. The next l
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systems facilitate mapping of fores
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KOLASA, J. and ROLLO, C.D. 1991. In
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) i,i_i)i_)i_i_ U.S. Departme_]t of
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