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KELLOMAKI, S., HANNINEN, H., and KOLSTROM, T. 1988. Model computations on the impacts of the climatic change on the productivity and silvicultural management of the forest ecosystem. Silva Fennica 22: 293-305. KERR, R.A. 1989. 1988 ties for the warmest year. Science 243 891. KOZLOWSKI, T.T., KRAMER, RJ., and PALLARDY, S.G. 1991. The Physiological Ecology of Woody Plants. Academic Press, San Diego. 657 p. LOERCH, C.R. and CAMERON, E.A. 1983. Determination of larval instars of the bronze birch borer, Agrilus anxius (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 76: 948-952. LOERCH, C.R. and CAMERON, E.A. 1984. Within-tree distributions and seasonality of immature stages of the bronze birch borer, Agrilus anxius (Coleoptera: Buprestidae). Can. Entomol. 116: 147-152. MACCRACKEN, M.C., BUDYKO, M.I., HECHT, A.D., and IZRAEL, Y.A. 1990. Prospects for Future Climate: A Special US/USSR Report on Climate and Climate Change. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI. 270 p. MATTSON, W.J. and HAACK, R.A. 1987a The role of drought stress in provoking outbreaks of phytophagous insects, p. 365-407. In Barbosa, P. and Schultz, J.C., eds. Insect Outbreaks: Ecological and Evolutionary Perspectives. Academic Press, Orlando. MATTSON, W.J. and HAACK, R.A. 1987b. The role of drought in outbreaks of plant-eating insects. BioScience 37:110- 118 MATTSON, W.J., LAWRENCE, R.K., HAACK, R.A., HERMS, D.A., and CHARLES, RJ. 1988. Plant defensive strategies for different insect feeding guilds in relation to plant ecological strategies and intimacy of host association, p. 1-38. In Mattson, W.J., Levieux, J., and Bernard-Dagan, C. eds. Mechanisms of Plant Resistance to Insects. Springer- Verlag, New York. MATYAS, C. 1994. Modeling climate change effects with provenance tests data. Tree Physiol. 14: 797-804. MDA (Michigan Department of Agriculture). 1971. Climate of Michigan by stations. Michigan Department of Agriculture, Climatological Division, Lansing, MI. MDA (Michigan Department of Agriculture). 1974. Supplement to the climate of Michigan by stations: mean temperature maps for the period 1940-1969. Michigan Department of Agriculture, Climatological Division, Lansing, MI. 14 p. MEBRAHTU, T., HANOVER, J.W., LAYNE, D.R., and FLORE, J.A. 1991. Leaf temperature effects on net photosynthesis, dark respiration, and photorespiration of seedlings of black locust families with contrasting growth rates. Can. J. For. Res. 21" 1616-1621. MILLER, R.O., BLOESE, RD., HANOVER, J.W., and HAACK, R.A. 1991. Paper birch and European white birch vary in growth and resistance to bronze birch borer. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 116: 580-584. MILLERS, I., SHRINER, D.S., and RIZZO, D. 1989. History of hardwood decline in the eastern United States. U.S. Dep. Agric. For. Serv. Gen. Tech. Rep. NE-126. NASH, R.W., DUDA, E.J., and GRAY, N.H. 1951. Studies on extensive dying, regeneration, and management of birch. Maine For. Serv. Bull. 15.82 p. OVERPECK, J.T., BARTLEIN, RJ., and WEBB, III, T. 1991. Potential magnitude of future vegetation change in eastern North America: Comparisons with the past. Science 254: 692-695. PASTOR, J. and POST, W.M. 1988. Response of northern forests to CO2-induced climate change. Nature 334: 55-58. 245
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DYNAMICS OF FOREST HERBIVORY: QUEST
Page 5 and 6:
TABLE OF CONTENTS Seeking The Rules
Page 7 and 8:
32. Companion planting of the nitro
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GRIMALSKY, ¥.I., Research Institut
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POUTTU, ANTTI, Finnish Forest Resea
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persist in mature leaves and affect
Page 15 and 16:
THE SINK-SOURCE HYPOTHESIS: TYPE AN
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late season defoliation decreases t
Page 19 and 20:
BLANCHE, C.A., LORIO, EL., Jr., SOM
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NIEMELA, R, TUOMI, J,, and LOJANDER
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induced reactions have been studied
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summer, but the other sawfly specie
Page 30 and 31:
LARSSON, S., BJ(_RKMAN, C., and GRE
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STAND AND LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY AS A
Page 34 and 35:
not related to resistance to the se
Page 36 and 37:
In contrast to the situation in eas
Page 38 and 39:
ROOT, R.B. 1973. Organization of a
Page 40 and 41:
We tlhus neglect two potential sour
Page 42 and 43:
c__ c__ 1T1 Ill a) a) 0 0 0 e 1 o e
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c_ >l.s S S S m N < DN DN < D c DN
Page 46 and 47:
:hen k > 0 suggest that the cue or
Page 48 and 49:
oth as protective weapons and as po
Page 50 and 51:
DEFENSE THEORIES AND BIRCH RESISTAN
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P 45 A L 40 A T 35 A B 30 I L 25 I
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However, hares showed strong prefer
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DUGLE, J.A. 1966. A taxonomic study
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accommodate findings related to mic
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Table l.--Mean ±S.E. area eaten by
Page 62 and 63:
Sulfhydryl-Disulfide Mechanisms In
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Iraa prior experimental analysis of
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FRAZIER, J.L. and HEITZ, J.R. 1975.
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REICHARD, R 1993. From RNA to DNA,
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; trees, and between and within ind
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Encapsulated objects are data struc
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_re3.--The Lignum model can be cont
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SEVERE DEFOLIATION Tree Fine Root +
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RUMBAUGH, J., BLAHA, M., PREMERLANI
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oo0 a b ol ¢' _achiman_i ()® 1,eA
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1000 Conspicuous Defo i at ion 100
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2.oo 2.oo o t 4 t ¢._ e'- 1.80 1.8
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Qualitative Changes in [,eaves and
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t00 2 Yr 1 Yr o_ 80 Treatment Treat
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Table 2.--Body size of Q. purzctate
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06 b AddedBSA < 04 _ 2rag -'=' i:3
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Severe Defol iat ion Site-A 1993 _
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KAMATA, N. and IGARASHI, M. 1995b.
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enclosure %r 20 post-diapausing sec
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2,500 F 000 F NF NF b _7 a _;_ a _7
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8O D 09 i 4,'.) F AS4L a Z___7 2o !
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2,500 _ st2-st4 El st5 0 st6 [_ pup
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96 SLANSKY, E, Jr. 1990. Insect nut
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later, we selected one more floweri
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Table 2.---Mean spruce budworm perf
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Table 3..--Mean spruce budworm perf
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FOLIVORE FEEDING ON MALE CONIFER FL
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Table 3.--Lymantria monacha prefere
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500- 400- i 300 v ¢ m a 200- I00 L
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From the point of view of trees, th
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THE BLACKMARGINED APHID AS A KEYSTO
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Wood et al. (1987) report that M. c
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MIZELL, R.E 1991. Pesticides and be
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METHODS Study Site The study took p
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the samples. Fertilization had subs
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Table 2.--Percent nutrient content
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Some tree responses to fertilizatio
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PHYTOCHEMICAL PROTECTION AND NATURA
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Indirect effects of abiotic factors
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HUNTER, M.D. and PRICE, P.W. 1992.
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A° ADDITIVE C. HYBRID SUSCEPTIBILI
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Galls, leaf miners, or leaf folds w
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Table 2.--Summary of the hypotheses
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the inheritance patterns of seconda
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FLOATE, K.D. and WHITHAM, T.G. 1993
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Elements of the Suitability/Defense
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Table l.--Comparing the mean number
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors sincer
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SINGH, D.R 1986_ Breeding for resis
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The objectives of this presentation
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Table 1.--Average weevil attack on
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1977, Kline and Mitchell 1979, Wood
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Further research is underway to cla
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A SUGI CLONE HIGHLY PALATABLE TO HA
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RESULTS Seasonal Stability of Palat
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-
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OGAWA, A., NAGATA, Y., and SUKENO,
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Field Work In
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Laboratory Procedures The week afte
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E 120 Nogent-sur-Vernisson Remnings
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Interdependence Between Reaction Zo
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alance hypothesis (Lorio 1986) cann
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SOLHEIM, H., LANGSTROM, B., and HEL
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In a second experiment, three 30-ye
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Considering biochemical pathways, i
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- = 120 N /'_" =40 1/ _ j Days 0 _
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BIGGS, A.R. 1985. Suberized boundar
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DIFFERENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WHIT
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Table 2.--Mortality of white fir pr
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Results from the geographic range p
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esulting seedlings were then rooted
Page 204 and 205: -0.2 0 5 82. _j -0,4 e a a a D4 E I
Page 206 and 207: 1960, Kalkstein 1976). Increased su
Page 208 and 209: RYAN, B.F., JOtNER, B.L., and RYAN,
Page 210 and 211: It is seldom feasible to control wa
Page 212 and 213: 15 15 u. 10 |O O N tal 5 5 g ao o 4
Page 214 and 215: Only recently have we conducted stu
Page 216 and 217: esistance to beetle attack. Another
Page 218 and 219: LORIO, EL., Jr'. and HODGES, J.D. 1
Page 220 and 221: EFFECTS OF ROOT INHABITING INSECT-F
Page 222 and 223: OCCURRENCE OF ROOT AND STEM SUBCORT
Page 224 and 225: ]Predisposition of Root-infected Tr
Page 226 and 227: chemistry associated with root colo
Page 228 and 229: Implications to Natural Resource Ma
Page 230 and 231: KLEPZIG, K.D., RAFFA, K.F., and SMA
Page 232 and 233: RAFFA, K.F., PHILLIPS, T., and SALO
Page 234 and 235: METHODS The study was installed in
Page 236 and 237: FURNISS, M.M., LIVINGSTON, R.L., an
Page 238 and 239: METHODS In the spring and summer of
Page 240 and 241: The importance of a compound as a r
Page 242 and 243: WERNER, R.A. 1995. Toxicity and rep
Page 244 and 245: 41 40 42 \ 4t 42 41 42 ",,,\ 42 40
Page 246 and 247: Table 1.--Summary data for the 26 p
Page 248 and 249: One weakness of using data from gen
Page 250 and 251: Lower Peninsula (populations 14-26)
Page 252 and 253: AUCLAIR, A.ND., WORREST, R.C., LACH
Page 256 and 257: WARGO, RM. and HAACK, R.A. 1991. Un
Page 258 and 259: investigation. Sampling was done on
Page 260 and 261: Figure 2.--Changes in protein preci
Page 262 and 263: q) J 400 T J ! i i i i o control tr
Page 264 and 265: attacked trees than in control tree
Page 266 and 267: ACIDIC DEPOSITION, DROUGHT, AND INS
Page 268 and 269: Table 1.--Impact of acidic fog upon
Page 270 and 271: MENGEL, K., BREININGER, T., and LUT
Page 272 and 273: THE RESISTANCE OF SCOTCH PINE TO DE
Page 274 and 275: EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Experiments we
Page 276 and 277: C w Q. 1,200 1,000 o 800 C_ --- 600
Page 278 and 279: 0 .................................
Page 280 and 281: FONTAtNE, R.G. 1985. Forty years of
Page 282 and 283: Host Defenses An important componen
Page 284 and 285: Functional Heterogeneity of Forest
Page 286 and 287: The Connectivity Index (CI). The CI
Page 288 and 289: FUNCTIONAL HETEROGENEITYANALYSIS :
Page 290 and 291: The Modified Hazard Map. The next l
Page 292 and 293: systems facilitate mapping of fores
Page 294 and 295: KOLASA, J. and ROLLO, C.D. 1991. In
Page 296: ) i,i_i)i_)i_i_ U.S. Departme_]t of
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