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Qualitative Changes in [,eaves and Larval Growth Leaf"toughness, like leaf"density, decreased following clipping of the leaves: it was only 85.7% of the control the year following the 1 year treatment and 69.8% of the control after the 2 year treatment (Fig. 6). Nitrogen content was almost the same in untreated trees tot 3 years (1991-1993) but decreased after leaves were clipped. It was 2.23-2.26% before the treatment, 2.00-2.05% the year following the 1 year treatment (ca. 10% reduction), and 1.88% the year following the 2 year treatment (16.6% reduction) (Fig. 7a). The N content following the 1 year treatment was almost the same in 1992 and 1993. These results clearly indicate that nitrogen content is reduced by defoliation and is influenced not by the year but by the degree of defoliation. Tannin content, however, increased the year following leaf clipping (Fig. 7b). When 2 mg of BSA was added, about 0.4 mg of the protein was precipitated in the regimes of 2 year treatment and 1 year treatment, although precipitation was not detected in the control regime. Furthermore, when 3 mg of BSA was added, no precipitation was recognized in the 1 year treatment or the control regimes, but 0.43 mg of the protein was precipitated following the 2 year treatment. These quantitative and qualitative changes in beech following defoliation support that the trees were less vigorous after defoliation, and also less suitable for herbivores because of the declining nitrogen and increasing tannins. 180 160 I " z J 153.5 [ co | 140 131.7 c = 120 0 F--- 100 (:D 107.2 L_ ............. 1 --J T 80 ' ' ................ 2 Yr Treatment 1 Yr Treatment C0ntr0] Figure 6._Leaf toughness of beechleavesin the year following artificial defoliation. The number is a mean value, bar means maximum and minimum value, and upper and lower sides of box are one standard error. Survivorship rates on beech saplings were determined using the number of hatched larvae as a base. The x-axis in Figure 8 is the number of days following egg attachment on June 30th. Although approximately half of the larvae reared on the control saplings survived to maturity, only about 10% of those reared on the 2 year treatment trees survived to maturity. Many of the latter died during early stages of larval development. Survivorship on the 1 year treatment was intermediate between the 2 year treatment and the control. Both female and male body size declined for larvae reared on clipped saplings, as did adult body size (Fig. 9). In the 2 year treatment regime, body size was smaller than of the 1 year treatment regime, and was just three quarters of that in the control. Defoliation lowers beech quality which, in turn, lowers larval survivorship and body size. Population Quality of Herbivore in Three Sites Test for Maternal Effects and Food Deterioration in the Field The larvae from Site A had smaller body size (p < 0.01 t-test) than those from the other two regions (Fig. 10). This tendency was exactly the same for males and females, as well as for mature larvae and for pupae. No difference was found between the Site B and C populations. Thus it can be said that even three generations after an outbreak, the quality of the Site A population was less than that of the populations from the other two regions where density was increasing. 75
0.5 b O.4 AddedBSA 2mg =0.3 ,_ El 3mg -'0.2 - r--" o0.1 '- N.D. N.D _ j = 1 2 Yr Tr 1 Yr Tr Control 2.3-- a _= _ o 2.2-- 2.1- { Control 1Yr z 1 9- " Treatment Yr Tre;._tment 1"77 I I I 1991 1992 1993 Year Figure 7.--Nitrogen and tannins contained in beech leaves the year following artificial defoliation, a: Total nitrogen, b: Weight of precipitated BSA by addition of 2 ml of 0.1% BSA solution (corresponding to addition of 2 mg of BSA) and 3 ml of 0.1% BSA solution (3 mg of B SA). N.D. indicates that no precipitation was detected.
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DYNAMICS OF FOREST HERBIVORY: QUEST
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Seeking The Rules
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32. Companion planting of the nitro
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GRIMALSKY, ¥.I., Research Institut
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POUTTU, ANTTI, Finnish Forest Resea
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persist in mature leaves and affect
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THE SINK-SOURCE HYPOTHESIS: TYPE AN
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late season defoliation decreases t
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BLANCHE, C.A., LORIO, EL., Jr., SOM
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NIEMELA, R, TUOMI, J,, and LOJANDER
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induced reactions have been studied
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summer, but the other sawfly specie
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LARSSON, S., BJ(_RKMAN, C., and GRE
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STAND AND LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY AS A
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not related to resistance to the se
Page 36 and 37: In contrast to the situation in eas
Page 38 and 39: ROOT, R.B. 1973. Organization of a
Page 40 and 41: We tlhus neglect two potential sour
Page 42 and 43: c__ c__ 1T1 Ill a) a) 0 0 0 e 1 o e
Page 44 and 45: c_ >l.s S S S m N < DN DN < D c DN
Page 46 and 47: :hen k > 0 suggest that the cue or
Page 48 and 49: oth as protective weapons and as po
Page 50 and 51: DEFENSE THEORIES AND BIRCH RESISTAN
Page 52 and 53: P 45 A L 40 A T 35 A B 30 I L 25 I
Page 54 and 55: However, hares showed strong prefer
Page 56 and 57: DUGLE, J.A. 1966. A taxonomic study
Page 58 and 59: accommodate findings related to mic
Page 60 and 61: Table l.--Mean ±S.E. area eaten by
Page 62 and 63: Sulfhydryl-Disulfide Mechanisms In
Page 64 and 65: Iraa prior experimental analysis of
Page 66 and 67: FRAZIER, J.L. and HEITZ, J.R. 1975.
Page 68 and 69: REICHARD, R 1993. From RNA to DNA,
Page 70 and 71: ; trees, and between and within ind
Page 72 and 73: Encapsulated objects are data struc
Page 74 and 75: _re3.--The Lignum model can be cont
Page 76 and 77: SEVERE DEFOLIATION Tree Fine Root +
Page 78 and 79: RUMBAUGH, J., BLAHA, M., PREMERLANI
Page 80 and 81: oo0 a b ol ¢' _achiman_i ()® 1,eA
Page 82 and 83: 1000 Conspicuous Defo i at ion 100
Page 84 and 85: 2.oo 2.oo o t 4 t ¢._ e'- 1.80 1.8
Page 88 and 89: t00 2 Yr 1 Yr o_ 80 Treatment Treat
Page 90 and 91: Table 2.--Body size of Q. purzctate
Page 92 and 93: 06 b AddedBSA < 04 _ 2rag -'=' i:3
Page 94 and 95: Severe Defol iat ion Site-A 1993 _
Page 96 and 97: KAMATA, N. and IGARASHI, M. 1995b.
Page 98 and 99: enclosure %r 20 post-diapausing sec
Page 100 and 101: 2,500 F 000 F NF NF b _7 a _;_ a _7
Page 102 and 103: 8O D 09 i 4,'.) F AS4L a Z___7 2o !
Page 104 and 105: 2,500 _ st2-st4 El st5 0 st6 [_ pup
Page 106 and 107: 96 SLANSKY, E, Jr. 1990. Insect nut
Page 108 and 109: later, we selected one more floweri
Page 110 and 111: Table 2.---Mean spruce budworm perf
Page 112 and 113: Table 3..--Mean spruce budworm perf
Page 114 and 115: FOLIVORE FEEDING ON MALE CONIFER FL
Page 116 and 117: Table 3.--Lymantria monacha prefere
Page 118 and 119: 500- 400- i 300 v ¢ m a 200- I00 L
Page 120 and 121: From the point of view of trees, th
Page 122 and 123: THE BLACKMARGINED APHID AS A KEYSTO
Page 124 and 125: Wood et al. (1987) report that M. c
Page 126 and 127: MIZELL, R.E 1991. Pesticides and be
Page 128 and 129: METHODS Study Site The study took p
Page 130 and 131: the samples. Fertilization had subs
Page 132 and 133: Table 2.--Percent nutrient content
Page 134 and 135: Some tree responses to fertilizatio
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PHYTOCHEMICAL PROTECTION AND NATURA
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Indirect effects of abiotic factors
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HUNTER, M.D. and PRICE, P.W. 1992.
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A° ADDITIVE C. HYBRID SUSCEPTIBILI
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Galls, leaf miners, or leaf folds w
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Table 2.--Summary of the hypotheses
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the inheritance patterns of seconda
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FLOATE, K.D. and WHITHAM, T.G. 1993
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Elements of the Suitability/Defense
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Table l.--Comparing the mean number
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors sincer
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SINGH, D.R 1986_ Breeding for resis
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The objectives of this presentation
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Table 1.--Average weevil attack on
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1977, Kline and Mitchell 1979, Wood
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Further research is underway to cla
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A SUGI CLONE HIGHLY PALATABLE TO HA
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RESULTS Seasonal Stability of Palat
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-
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OGAWA, A., NAGATA, Y., and SUKENO,
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MATERIALS AND METHODS Field Work In
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Laboratory Procedures The week afte
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E 120 Nogent-sur-Vernisson Remnings
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Interdependence Between Reaction Zo
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alance hypothesis (Lorio 1986) cann
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SOLHEIM, H., LANGSTROM, B., and HEL
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In a second experiment, three 30-ye
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Considering biochemical pathways, i
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- = 120 N /'_" =40 1/ _ j Days 0 _
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BIGGS, A.R. 1985. Suberized boundar
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DIFFERENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WHIT
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Table 2.--Mortality of white fir pr
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Results from the geographic range p
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esulting seedlings were then rooted
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-0.2 0 5 82. _j -0,4 e a a a D4 E I
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1960, Kalkstein 1976). Increased su
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RYAN, B.F., JOtNER, B.L., and RYAN,
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It is seldom feasible to control wa
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15 15 u. 10 |O O N tal 5 5 g ao o 4
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Only recently have we conducted stu
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esistance to beetle attack. Another
Page 218 and 219:
LORIO, EL., Jr'. and HODGES, J.D. 1
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EFFECTS OF ROOT INHABITING INSECT-F
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OCCURRENCE OF ROOT AND STEM SUBCORT
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]Predisposition of Root-infected Tr
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chemistry associated with root colo
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Implications to Natural Resource Ma
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KLEPZIG, K.D., RAFFA, K.F., and SMA
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RAFFA, K.F., PHILLIPS, T., and SALO
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METHODS The study was installed in
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FURNISS, M.M., LIVINGSTON, R.L., an
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METHODS In the spring and summer of
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The importance of a compound as a r
Page 242 and 243:
WERNER, R.A. 1995. Toxicity and rep
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41 40 42 \ 4t 42 41 42 ",,,\ 42 40
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Table 1.--Summary data for the 26 p
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One weakness of using data from gen
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Lower Peninsula (populations 14-26)
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AUCLAIR, A.ND., WORREST, R.C., LACH
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KELLOMAKI, S., HANNINEN, H., and KO
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WARGO, RM. and HAACK, R.A. 1991. Un
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investigation. Sampling was done on
Page 260 and 261:
Figure 2.--Changes in protein preci
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q) J 400 T J ! i i i i o control tr
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attacked trees than in control tree
Page 266 and 267:
ACIDIC DEPOSITION, DROUGHT, AND INS
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Table 1.--Impact of acidic fog upon
Page 270 and 271:
MENGEL, K., BREININGER, T., and LUT
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THE RESISTANCE OF SCOTCH PINE TO DE
Page 274 and 275:
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Experiments we
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C w Q. 1,200 1,000 o 800 C_ --- 600
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0 .................................
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FONTAtNE, R.G. 1985. Forty years of
Page 282 and 283:
Host Defenses An important componen
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Functional Heterogeneity of Forest
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The Connectivity Index (CI). The CI
Page 288 and 289:
FUNCTIONAL HETEROGENEITYANALYSIS :
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The Modified Hazard Map. The next l
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systems facilitate mapping of fores
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KOLASA, J. and ROLLO, C.D. 1991. In
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) i,i_i)i_)i_i_ U.S. Departme_]t of
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