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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors sincerely thank Drs. J. Kouki and J. Spence for their discussions about and their helpful critiques of earlier drafts of this manuscript. They also thank the personnel of the W.K. Kellogg Forest for their unstinting assistance. LITERATURE CITED BAILEY, J.A. 1983. Biological perspectives of host-pathogen interactions, p. 1-32. In Bailey, J.A. and Deverall, B.J., eds. The Dynamics of Host Defense. Academic Press, N.Y. BAILEY, J.A. 1980. Arthropod-plant interactions related to agriculture, emphasizing host plant resistance, p. 23-51. In Harris, M.K., ed. Biology and Breeding for Resistance to Arthropods and Pathogens in Agricultural Plants. Texas A&M Univ., College Sta, TX. BAILEY, J.A. 1982. Genes for resistance to insects, emphasizing host-parasite interactions in Carya, p. 72-83. In Heybroek, H.M., tephan, B.R., and von Weissenberg, K., eds. Resistance to Diseases and Pests in Forest Trees. Pudoc, Wageningen, Netherlands. BARTON, N.H. and G.M. Hewitt, G.M. 1985. Analysis of hybrid zones. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 16: 1113-148. BOECKLEN, W.J. and SPELLENBERG, R. 1990. Structure of herbivore communities in two oak (Quercus spp.) hybrid zones. Oecologia 85: 92-100. BOECKLEN, W.J. and LARSON, K.C. 1994. Gall-forming wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae) in an oak hybrid zone: testing hypotheses about hybrid susceptibility to herbivores, p. 110-120. In Price, P., Mattson, W.J., and Baranchikov, Y.N., eds. The ecology and evolution of gall-forming insects. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-174. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. BONGARTEN, B.C. and J.W. HANOVER 1982. Hybridization among white, red, blue, and white x blue spruces. For. Sci. 28: 129-134. CARSON, S.D. and CARSON, M.J. 1989. Breeding for resistance in forest trees--a quantitative genetic approach. Ann. Rev. Phytopath. 27: 373-395. COPES, D.L. and BECKWITH, R.C. 1977. Isoenzyme identification of Picea glauca, P sitchensis, and P. lutzii populations. Bot. Gaz. 138: 512-521. FLOATE, K.D., KEARSLEY, M.J.C., and WHITHAM, T.G. 1993. Elevated herbivory in plant hybrid zones: Chrysomela confluens, Populus and phenological sinks. Ecology 74: 2056-2065. FRITZ, R.S., NICHOLS-ORIANS, C.M, and BRUNSFELD, S.J. 1994. Interspecific hybridization of plants and resistance to herbivores: hypotheses, genetics, and variable responses in a diverse herbivore community. Oecologia 97: 106- 117. FURNISS, R.L. and CAROLIN, V.M. 1977. Western forest insects. Misc. Publ. 1339. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 654 p. GEIGER, H.H. and HEUN, M. 1989. Genetics of quantitative resistance to fungal diseases. Ann. Rev. Phytopath. 27: 317- 341. HALL, R.W., TOWNSEND, A.M., and BARGER, J.H. 1987. Suitability of thirteen different host species for elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J. Environ. Hort. 5: 143-145. 147
HALL, R.W. and TOWNSEND, A.M. 1987. Suitability of Ulmus wilsoniana, the 'urban' elm, and their hybrids fbr the elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola (Muller)(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Environ. Ent. 16:1042-1044. HANHIMAKI, S., SENN, J., and HAUKIOJA, E. 1994. Performance of insect herbivores on hybridizing trees: the case of the subarctic birches. J. Animal Ecol. 63: 163-175. HANOVER, J.W. and WILKINSON, R.C. 1969. A new hybrid between blue spruce and white spruce. Can. J. Bot. 47: 1693-1700. HANOVER, J.W. 1980. Breeding forest trees resistant to insects, p. 487-511. In Maxwell, F.G. and Jennings, ER., eds. Breeding Plants Resistant to Insects. John Wiley and Sons, NY. HARRIS, M.K. 1975. Allopatric resistance: searching for sources of insect resistance for use in agriculture. Environ. Ent. 4: 661-669. KUDRAY, G.M. and HANOVER, J.W. 1980. A preliminary evaluation of the Spartan spruce (Picea glauca x P. pungens hybrid). Mich. State Univ. Agric. LANIER, G. 1983. Integration of visual stimuli, host odorants, and pheromones by bark beetles and weevils in locating and colonizing trees, p. 161-172. In Ahmad, S., ed. Herbivorous insects: host seeking behavior and mechanisms. Acad. Press, NY. 257 p. MANLEY, S.A.M. and FOWLER, D.E 1969. Spruce budworm defoliation in relation to introgression in red and black spruce. For. Sci. 15: 365-366. MCCLURE, M.S. 1985. Susceptibility of pure and hybrid stands of Pinus to attack by Matsucoccus matsumurae in Japan (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Margarodidae). Environ. Ent. 14: 535-538. MILLER, J.R. and STRICKLER, K.L. 1984. Finding and accepting host plants, p. 127-157. In Bell, W.J. and Carde, R.T., eds. Chemical Ecology of Insects. Sinauer Assoc., Sunderland, MA. MILLER, J.M. 1950. Resistance of pine hybrids to the pine reproduction weevil. For. Res. Notes 68. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Calif. For. Range Exper. Stn. 17 p. MITCHELL, R.G., JOHNSON, N.E., and WRIGHT, K.H. 1974. Susceptibility of 10 spruce species and hybrids to the white pine weevil (=Sitka spruce weevil) in the Pacific Northwest. PNW-225. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.. 8 p. MORROW, EA., WHITHAM, T.G., POTTS, B.M., LADIGES, P., ASTON, D.H., and WILLIAMS, J.B. 1994. Gall-forming insects concentrate on hybrid phenotypes of Eucalyptus, p. 121-134. In Price, P.W., Mattson, W.J., and Baranchikov, Y.N., eds. The ecology and evolution of gall-forming insects. Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-174. U.S. Department Of Agriculture, Forest Service, N.C. For. Exp. Sta., St. Paul, MN 55108. OSAWA, A. 1989. Causality in mortality patterns of spruce trees during a spruce budworm outbreak. Can. J. For. Res. 19: 632-638. REMINGTON, C.L. 1968. Suture-zones of hybrid interaction between recently joined biotas, p. 321-428. In Dobzhansky, T., Hecht, M.K., and Steere, W.C., eds. Evolutionary Biology, Vol. 2. Appleton-Century-Crofts, NY. ROSE, A.H. and LINDQUIST, O.H. 1977. Insects of eastern spruces, fir and hemlock. Can. For. Serv. For. Tech. Rept. 23. 159 p. SCHMIDT-VOGT, H. 1977. Die Fichte. Verlag Paul Parey, Berlin. 647 p. SIMMS, E.L. and FRITZ, R.S. 1990. The ecology and evolution of host-plant resistance to insects. TREE 5: 356-360. 148
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DYNAMICS OF FOREST HERBIVORY: QUEST
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Seeking The Rules
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32. Companion planting of the nitro
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GRIMALSKY, ¥.I., Research Institut
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POUTTU, ANTTI, Finnish Forest Resea
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persist in mature leaves and affect
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THE SINK-SOURCE HYPOTHESIS: TYPE AN
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late season defoliation decreases t
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BLANCHE, C.A., LORIO, EL., Jr., SOM
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NIEMELA, R, TUOMI, J,, and LOJANDER
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induced reactions have been studied
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summer, but the other sawfly specie
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LARSSON, S., BJ(_RKMAN, C., and GRE
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STAND AND LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY AS A
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not related to resistance to the se
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In contrast to the situation in eas
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ROOT, R.B. 1973. Organization of a
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We tlhus neglect two potential sour
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c__ c__ 1T1 Ill a) a) 0 0 0 e 1 o e
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c_ >l.s S S S m N < DN DN < D c DN
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:hen k > 0 suggest that the cue or
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oth as protective weapons and as po
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DEFENSE THEORIES AND BIRCH RESISTAN
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P 45 A L 40 A T 35 A B 30 I L 25 I
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However, hares showed strong prefer
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DUGLE, J.A. 1966. A taxonomic study
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accommodate findings related to mic
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Table l.--Mean ±S.E. area eaten by
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Sulfhydryl-Disulfide Mechanisms In
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Iraa prior experimental analysis of
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FRAZIER, J.L. and HEITZ, J.R. 1975.
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REICHARD, R 1993. From RNA to DNA,
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; trees, and between and within ind
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Encapsulated objects are data struc
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_re3.--The Lignum model can be cont
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SEVERE DEFOLIATION Tree Fine Root +
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RUMBAUGH, J., BLAHA, M., PREMERLANI
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oo0 a b ol ¢' _achiman_i ()® 1,eA
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1000 Conspicuous Defo i at ion 100
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2.oo 2.oo o t 4 t ¢._ e'- 1.80 1.8
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Qualitative Changes in [,eaves and
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t00 2 Yr 1 Yr o_ 80 Treatment Treat
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Table 2.--Body size of Q. purzctate
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06 b AddedBSA < 04 _ 2rag -'=' i:3
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Severe Defol iat ion Site-A 1993 _
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KAMATA, N. and IGARASHI, M. 1995b.
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enclosure %r 20 post-diapausing sec
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2,500 F 000 F NF NF b _7 a _;_ a _7
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8O D 09 i 4,'.) F AS4L a Z___7 2o !
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2,500 _ st2-st4 El st5 0 st6 [_ pup
Page 106 and 107: 96 SLANSKY, E, Jr. 1990. Insect nut
Page 108 and 109: later, we selected one more floweri
Page 110 and 111: Table 2.---Mean spruce budworm perf
Page 112 and 113: Table 3..--Mean spruce budworm perf
Page 114 and 115: FOLIVORE FEEDING ON MALE CONIFER FL
Page 116 and 117: Table 3.--Lymantria monacha prefere
Page 118 and 119: 500- 400- i 300 v ¢ m a 200- I00 L
Page 120 and 121: From the point of view of trees, th
Page 122 and 123: THE BLACKMARGINED APHID AS A KEYSTO
Page 124 and 125: Wood et al. (1987) report that M. c
Page 126 and 127: MIZELL, R.E 1991. Pesticides and be
Page 128 and 129: METHODS Study Site The study took p
Page 130 and 131: the samples. Fertilization had subs
Page 132 and 133: Table 2.--Percent nutrient content
Page 134 and 135: Some tree responses to fertilizatio
Page 136 and 137: PHYTOCHEMICAL PROTECTION AND NATURA
Page 138 and 139: Indirect effects of abiotic factors
Page 140 and 141: HUNTER, M.D. and PRICE, P.W. 1992.
Page 142 and 143: A° ADDITIVE C. HYBRID SUSCEPTIBILI
Page 144 and 145: Galls, leaf miners, or leaf folds w
Page 146 and 147: Table 2.--Summary of the hypotheses
Page 148 and 149: the inheritance patterns of seconda
Page 150 and 151: FLOATE, K.D. and WHITHAM, T.G. 1993
Page 152 and 153: Elements of the Suitability/Defense
Page 154 and 155: Table l.--Comparing the mean number
Page 158 and 159: SINGH, D.R 1986_ Breeding for resis
Page 160 and 161: The objectives of this presentation
Page 162 and 163: Table 1.--Average weevil attack on
Page 164 and 165: 1977, Kline and Mitchell 1979, Wood
Page 166 and 167: Further research is underway to cla
Page 168 and 169: A SUGI CLONE HIGHLY PALATABLE TO HA
Page 170 and 171: RESULTS Seasonal Stability of Palat
Page 172 and 173: -
Page 174 and 175: OGAWA, A., NAGATA, Y., and SUKENO,
Page 176 and 177: MATERIALS AND METHODS Field Work In
Page 178 and 179: Laboratory Procedures The week afte
Page 180 and 181: E 120 Nogent-sur-Vernisson Remnings
Page 182 and 183: Interdependence Between Reaction Zo
Page 184 and 185: alance hypothesis (Lorio 1986) cann
Page 186 and 187: SOLHEIM, H., LANGSTROM, B., and HEL
Page 188 and 189: In a second experiment, three 30-ye
Page 190 and 191: Considering biochemical pathways, i
Page 192 and 193: - = 120 N /'_" =40 1/ _ j Days 0 _
Page 194 and 195: BIGGS, A.R. 1985. Suberized boundar
Page 196 and 197: DIFFERENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WHIT
Page 198 and 199: Table 2.--Mortality of white fir pr
Page 200 and 201: Results from the geographic range p
Page 202 and 203: esulting seedlings were then rooted
Page 204 and 205: -0.2 0 5 82. _j -0,4 e a a a D4 E I
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1960, Kalkstein 1976). Increased su
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RYAN, B.F., JOtNER, B.L., and RYAN,
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It is seldom feasible to control wa
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15 15 u. 10 |O O N tal 5 5 g ao o 4
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Only recently have we conducted stu
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esistance to beetle attack. Another
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LORIO, EL., Jr'. and HODGES, J.D. 1
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EFFECTS OF ROOT INHABITING INSECT-F
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OCCURRENCE OF ROOT AND STEM SUBCORT
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]Predisposition of Root-infected Tr
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chemistry associated with root colo
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Implications to Natural Resource Ma
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KLEPZIG, K.D., RAFFA, K.F., and SMA
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RAFFA, K.F., PHILLIPS, T., and SALO
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METHODS The study was installed in
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FURNISS, M.M., LIVINGSTON, R.L., an
Page 238 and 239:
METHODS In the spring and summer of
Page 240 and 241:
The importance of a compound as a r
Page 242 and 243:
WERNER, R.A. 1995. Toxicity and rep
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41 40 42 \ 4t 42 41 42 ",,,\ 42 40
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Table 1.--Summary data for the 26 p
Page 248 and 249:
One weakness of using data from gen
Page 250 and 251:
Lower Peninsula (populations 14-26)
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AUCLAIR, A.ND., WORREST, R.C., LACH
Page 254 and 255:
KELLOMAKI, S., HANNINEN, H., and KO
Page 256 and 257:
WARGO, RM. and HAACK, R.A. 1991. Un
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investigation. Sampling was done on
Page 260 and 261:
Figure 2.--Changes in protein preci
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q) J 400 T J ! i i i i o control tr
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attacked trees than in control tree
Page 266 and 267:
ACIDIC DEPOSITION, DROUGHT, AND INS
Page 268 and 269:
Table 1.--Impact of acidic fog upon
Page 270 and 271:
MENGEL, K., BREININGER, T., and LUT
Page 272 and 273:
THE RESISTANCE OF SCOTCH PINE TO DE
Page 274 and 275:
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Experiments we
Page 276 and 277:
C w Q. 1,200 1,000 o 800 C_ --- 600
Page 278 and 279:
0 .................................
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FONTAtNE, R.G. 1985. Forty years of
Page 282 and 283:
Host Defenses An important componen
Page 284 and 285:
Functional Heterogeneity of Forest
Page 286 and 287:
The Connectivity Index (CI). The CI
Page 288 and 289:
FUNCTIONAL HETEROGENEITYANALYSIS :
Page 290 and 291:
The Modified Hazard Map. The next l
Page 292 and 293:
systems facilitate mapping of fores
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KOLASA, J. and ROLLO, C.D. 1991. In
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) i,i_i)i_)i_i_ U.S. Departme_]t of
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