LORIO, EL., Jr'. and HODGES, J.D. 1968b. Ole<strong>or</strong>esin exudation pressure and relative water content of inner bark as indicat<strong>or</strong>s of moisture stress in loblolly pines. F<strong>or</strong>. Sci. 14(4): 393-398. LORIO, RL., Jr. and HODGES, J.D. 1971. Micr<strong>or</strong>elief, soil water regime, and loblolly pine growth on a wet, mounded site. Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 35: 795--800. LORIO, RL., Jr. and HODGES, J.D. 1977. Tree water status affects induced southern pine beetle attack and brood production. Res. Pap. SO-135. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, F<strong>or</strong>est Service, Southern F<strong>or</strong>est Experiment <strong>Station</strong>. 7 p. LORIO, RL., Jr. and HODGES, J.D. 1985. The<strong>or</strong>ies of interactions among bark beetles, associated micro<strong>or</strong>ganisms, and host trees, p. 485-492. In Shoulders, E., ed. Proceedings of the 3rd Biennial Southern Silvicultural <strong>Research</strong> Conference. Gen. Tech. Rep. SO-54. New Orleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, F<strong>or</strong>est Service, Southern F<strong>or</strong>est Experiment <strong>Station</strong>. LORIO, RL., Jr. and SOMMERS, R.A. 1981a. Central Louisiana, p. 23-39. In Coster, J.E. and Searcy, J.L., eds. Site, Stand, and Host Characteristics of Southern Pine Beetle Infestations. Tech. Bull 1612. Pineville, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, F<strong>or</strong>est Service. Combined F<strong>or</strong>est Pest <strong>Research</strong> and Development Program. LORIO, RL., Jr. and SOMMERS, R.A. 1981b. Use of available resource data to rate stands :f<strong>or</strong> southern pine beetle risk, p. 75-78. In Hedden, R.L., Barras, S.J., and Coster, J.E., tech. co<strong>or</strong>ds. Proceedings of Symposium Hazard-Rating Systems in F<strong>or</strong>est Pest Management. Gen. Tech. Rep. WO-27. New Oreleans, LA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, F<strong>or</strong>est Service, Southern F<strong>or</strong>est Experiment <strong>Station</strong>. LORIO, RL., Jr., HOWE, V.K., and MARTIN, C.N. 1972. Loblolly pine rooting varies with micr<strong>or</strong>elief on wet sites. Ecology 53:1134-1140. LORIO, P L., Jr., MASON, G.N., and AUTRY, G.L. 1982. Stand risk rating f<strong>or</strong> the southern pine beetle: integrating pest management with f<strong>or</strong>est management. J. F<strong>or</strong>. 80:212-214. LORIO, RL., Jr., SOMMERS, R.A., BLANCHE, C.A., HODGES, J.D., and NEBEKER, T.E. 1990. Modeling pine resistance to bark beetles based on growth and differentiation balance principles, p. 402-409. In Dixon, R.K., Meldahl, R.S., Ruark, G.A., and Warren, W.G., eds. Process Modeling of F<strong>or</strong>est Growth Responses to Environmental Stress. Timber Press, P<strong>or</strong>tland, OR. MASON, R.R. 1969. A simple technique f<strong>or</strong> measuring ole<strong>or</strong>esin exudation flow in pine. F<strong>or</strong>. Sci. 15: 56-57. MASON, R.R. 1971. Soil moisture and stand density affect ole<strong>or</strong>esin exudation flow in a loblolly pine plantation. F<strong>or</strong>. Sci. 17: 170-177. MOECK, H.A., WOOD, D.L,. and LINDAHL, K.Q., Jr. 1981. Host selection behavi<strong>or</strong> of bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) attacking Pinus ponderosa, with special emphasis on the western pine beetle, Dendroctonus brevicomis. J. Chem. Ecol. 7(1): 49-83. MOONEY, H.A. and CHU, C. 1974. Seasonal carbon allocation in Heteromeles arbutifolia, a Calif<strong>or</strong>nia evergreen shrub. Oecologia 14: 295-306. MOONEY, H.A., GULMON, S.L., and JOHNSON, N.D. 1983. Physiological constraints on plant chemical defenses, p. 21- 36. In Hedlin, RA., ed. Plant Resistance to Insects. American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C. MYERS, R.F. 1986. Cambium destruction in conifers causedby pinewood nematodes. J. Nematol. 18: 398-402. OWEN, D.R., LINDAHL, K.Q., WOOD, D.L., and PARMETER, J.R. 1987. Pathogenicity of fungi isolated from Dendroctonus valens, D. brevicomis, and D. ponderosae to ponderosa pine seedlings. Phytopathology 77: 631-636. 209
PAINE, "I.D. 1984. Seasonal response of ponderosa pine to inoculation of the mycangial fungi isolated from the western pine beetle. Can. J. Bot. 62:551-555. SCHOLANDER, RE, HAMMEL, H.T., BRADSTREET, E.D., and HEMMINGSEN, E.A. 1965. Sap pressure in vascular plants. Science 148: 339-346. STEPHEN, F.M., LIH M.R, PAINE, T.D., and WALLIS G.W. 1988. Using acute stress to modify tree resistance: impact on within-tree southern pine beetle populations, p. 105-119. In Payne, T.L. and Saarenmaa, H., eds. Integrated Control of Scolytid Bark Beetles. Proceedings of the IUFRO W<strong>or</strong>king Party and XVII International Congress of Entomology Symposium, Vancouver, B.C., Canada, July 4, 1988. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. THATCHER, R.C., SEARCY, J.L., COSTER, J.E., and HERTER, G.D. (eds.). 1980. The southern pine beetle. Tech. Bull. 1631. U.S. Department of Agriculture, F<strong>or</strong>est Service, and Science and Education Administration. 267 p. TREWAVAS, A. 1985. A pivotal role f<strong>or</strong> nitrate and leaf growth in plant development, p. 77-91. In Baker, N.K., et al., eds. Control of Leaf Growth. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. TUOMI, J. 1992. Toward integration of plant defence the<strong>or</strong>ies. Trends in Ecol. and Evol. 7: 365-367. TUOMI, J., NIEMELA, R, and SIREN, S. 1990. The Panglossian paradigm and delayed inducible accumulation of foliar phenolics in mountain birch. Oikos 59: 399-410. TUOMI, J., NIEMELA, R, CHAPIN, F.S., III, BRYANT, J.R, and SIREN, S. 1988. Defensive responses of trees in relation to their carbon/nutrient balance, p. 57-72. In Mattson, W.J., Levieux, J., and Bernard-Dagan, C., eds. Mechanisms of Woody Plant Defenses Against Insects. Springer-Verlag, New Y<strong>or</strong>k. VITE, J.R 1961. The influence of water supply on ole<strong>or</strong>esin exudation pressure and resistance to bark beetle attack in Pinus ponderosa. Boyce Thompson Inst Contrib 21 : 37-66. WEATHERLEY, RE. 1950. Studies in the water relations of the cotton plant. I. The field measurement of water deficits in leaves. New Phytologist 49: 81-97. ZAHNER, R. and STAGE, A.R. 1966. A procedure f<strong>or</strong> calculating daily moisture stress and its utility in regressions of tree growth on weather. Ecology 47: 64-74. ZARNOCH, S.J., LORIO, RL., Jr., and SOMMERS, R.A. 1984. A logistic model f<strong>or</strong> southern pine beetle stand risk rating in central Louisiana. J. Ge<strong>or</strong>gia Entomol. Soc. 19: 168-175. 210
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DYNAMICS OF FOREST HERBIVORY: QUEST
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Seeking The Rules
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32. Companion planting of the nitro
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GRIMALSKY, ¥.I., Research Institut
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POUTTU, ANTTI, Finnish Forest Resea
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persist in mature leaves and affect
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THE SINK-SOURCE HYPOTHESIS: TYPE AN
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late season defoliation decreases t
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BLANCHE, C.A., LORIO, EL., Jr., SOM
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NIEMELA, R, TUOMI, J,, and LOJANDER
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induced reactions have been studied
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summer, but the other sawfly specie
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LARSSON, S., BJ(_RKMAN, C., and GRE
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STAND AND LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY AS A
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not related to resistance to the se
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In contrast to the situation in eas
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ROOT, R.B. 1973. Organization of a
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We tlhus neglect two potential sour
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c__ c__ 1T1 Ill a) a) 0 0 0 e 1 o e
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c_ >l.s S S S m N < DN DN < D c DN
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:hen k > 0 suggest that the cue or
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oth as protective weapons and as po
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DEFENSE THEORIES AND BIRCH RESISTAN
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P 45 A L 40 A T 35 A B 30 I L 25 I
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However, hares showed strong prefer
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DUGLE, J.A. 1966. A taxonomic study
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accommodate findings related to mic
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Table l.--Mean ±S.E. area eaten by
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Sulfhydryl-Disulfide Mechanisms In
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Iraa prior experimental analysis of
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FRAZIER, J.L. and HEITZ, J.R. 1975.
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REICHARD, R 1993. From RNA to DNA,
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; trees, and between and within ind
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Encapsulated objects are data struc
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_re3.--The Lignum model can be cont
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SEVERE DEFOLIATION Tree Fine Root +
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RUMBAUGH, J., BLAHA, M., PREMERLANI
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oo0 a b ol ¢' _achiman_i ()® 1,eA
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1000 Conspicuous Defo i at ion 100
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2.oo 2.oo o t 4 t ¢._ e'- 1.80 1.8
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Qualitative Changes in [,eaves and
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t00 2 Yr 1 Yr o_ 80 Treatment Treat
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Table 2.--Body size of Q. purzctate
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06 b AddedBSA < 04 _ 2rag -'=' i:3
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Severe Defol iat ion Site-A 1993 _
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KAMATA, N. and IGARASHI, M. 1995b.
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enclosure %r 20 post-diapausing sec
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2,500 F 000 F NF NF b _7 a _;_ a _7
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8O D 09 i 4,'.) F AS4L a Z___7 2o !
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2,500 _ st2-st4 El st5 0 st6 [_ pup
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96 SLANSKY, E, Jr. 1990. Insect nut
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later, we selected one more floweri
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Table 2.---Mean spruce budworm perf
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Table 3..--Mean spruce budworm perf
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FOLIVORE FEEDING ON MALE CONIFER FL
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Table 3.--Lymantria monacha prefere
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500- 400- i 300 v ¢ m a 200- I00 L
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From the point of view of trees, th
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THE BLACKMARGINED APHID AS A KEYSTO
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Wood et al. (1987) report that M. c
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MIZELL, R.E 1991. Pesticides and be
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METHODS Study Site The study took p
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the samples. Fertilization had subs
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Table 2.--Percent nutrient content
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Some tree responses to fertilizatio
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PHYTOCHEMICAL PROTECTION AND NATURA
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Indirect effects of abiotic factors
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HUNTER, M.D. and PRICE, P.W. 1992.
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A° ADDITIVE C. HYBRID SUSCEPTIBILI
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Galls, leaf miners, or leaf folds w
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Table 2.--Summary of the hypotheses
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the inheritance patterns of seconda
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FLOATE, K.D. and WHITHAM, T.G. 1993
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Elements of the Suitability/Defense
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Table l.--Comparing the mean number
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors sincer
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SINGH, D.R 1986_ Breeding for resis
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The objectives of this presentation
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Table 1.--Average weevil attack on
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1977, Kline and Mitchell 1979, Wood
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Further research is underway to cla
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- Page 170 and 171: RESULTS Seasonal Stability of Palat
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- Page 176 and 177: MATERIALS AND METHODS Field Work In
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- Page 182 and 183: Interdependence Between Reaction Zo
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- Page 188 and 189: In a second experiment, three 30-ye
- Page 190 and 191: Considering biochemical pathways, i
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- Page 194 and 195: BIGGS, A.R. 1985. Suberized boundar
- Page 196 and 197: DIFFERENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WHIT
- Page 198 and 199: Table 2.--Mortality of white fir pr
- Page 200 and 201: Results from the geographic range p
- Page 202 and 203: esulting seedlings were then rooted
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- Page 206 and 207: 1960, Kalkstein 1976). Increased su
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- Page 210 and 211: It is seldom feasible to control wa
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- Page 214 and 215: Only recently have we conducted stu
- Page 216 and 217: esistance to beetle attack. Another
- Page 220 and 221: EFFECTS OF ROOT INHABITING INSECT-F
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- Page 234 and 235: METHODS The study was installed in
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- Page 238 and 239: METHODS In the spring and summer of
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- Page 246 and 247: Table 1.--Summary data for the 26 p
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- Page 254 and 255: KELLOMAKI, S., HANNINEN, H., and KO
- Page 256 and 257: WARGO, RM. and HAACK, R.A. 1991. Un
- Page 258 and 259: investigation. Sampling was done on
- Page 260 and 261: Figure 2.--Changes in protein preci
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Table 1.--Impact of acidic fog upon
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MENGEL, K., BREININGER, T., and LUT
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THE RESISTANCE OF SCOTCH PINE TO DE
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EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Experiments we
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C w Q. 1,200 1,000 o 800 C_ --- 600
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0 .................................
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FONTAtNE, R.G. 1985. Forty years of
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Host Defenses An important componen
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Functional Heterogeneity of Forest
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The Connectivity Index (CI). The CI
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FUNCTIONAL HETEROGENEITYANALYSIS :
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The Modified Hazard Map. The next l
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systems facilitate mapping of fores
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KOLASA, J. and ROLLO, C.D. 1991. In
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) i,i_i)i_)i_i_ U.S. Departme_]t of