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Table 1.--Summary data for the 26 populations of Michigan paper birch trees, representing 218 trees, from which seed was
collected in 1975, including for each population the number of trees sampled, location data, climatic data, and mean
height and diameter at breast height (DBH) of the parental trees.
Seed source I Location 2 Climatic data3 Height (m) 4 DBH (cm) 4
Pop No °N Lat Area County Temp DD FFD Mean (range) Mean (range)
t 7 46.8 UP Ontonagon 42 1600 I10 14.0 (10-21) 25.3 (9-46)
2 10 47.4 UP Keweenaw 40 1600 140 11.8 (5-19) 24.0 (10-45)
3 10 46.7 UP Baraga 40 1600 130 16.2 (9-21) 21.0 (15-29)
4 7 46.3 UP Gogebic 40 1800 60 15.0 (12-19) 22.6 (21-24)
5 10 46.1 UP Iron 41 1800 100 15.1 (13-16) 19.6 (15-25)
6 10 45.2 UP Menominee 42 1600 140 14.6 (12-16) 18.6 (14-23)
7 10 46.1 UP Delta 41 1800 70 13.4 (9-16) 20.4 (13-31)
8 10 46.6 UP Marquette 42 1600 150 14.7 (8-21) 23.5 (10-40)
9 10 46.5 UP Alger 41 1400 140 12.0 (11-15) 16.5 (13-20)
10 11 46_0 UP Schoolcraft 42 1600 110 16.3 (12-22) 24.6 (14-32)
11 9 46.7 UP Chippewa 41 1400 150 11.1 (11-13) 17.6 (12-28)
12 10 46.3 UP Chippewa 41 1400 130 13.5 (11-16) 22.6 (17-30)
13 9 46.0 UP Mackinac 41 1600 120 13.2 (8-16) 18.3 (15-24)
14 10 45.6 LP Emmet 42 1800 150 13.7 (7-16) 25.4 (15-32)
15 5 44.9 LP Antrim 44 2000 140 15.5 (14-16) 24.5 (21-26)
16 10 44.9 LP Montmorency 43 1800 70 13.7 (11-16) 19.8 (13-25)
17 10 45.5 LP Presque Isle 44 1800 140 12.3 (9-16) 17.7 (12-28)
18 10 44.8 LP Alcona 43 1800 130 16.3 (15-18) 25.8 (19-33)
19 4 43.4 LP Montcalm 46 2400 130 15.2 (11-18) 21.5 (14-27)
20 5 43.9 LP Lake, Mason 46 2200 120 14.6 (11-16) 21.7 (19-24)
21 8 44.3 LP Manistee 46 2200 150 15.8 (11-19) 20.5 (16-27)
22 9 44.4 LP Missaukee 43 1800 100 14.5 (11-19) 22.6 (14-38)
23 9 44.2 LP Gladwin 44 2000 100 16.2 (11-18) 20.4 (15-28)
24 9 44.0 LP Arenac 45 2000 130 13.8 (11-16) 17.5 (11-25)
25 5 43.6 LP Sanilac 46 2400 130 12.4 (11-15) 15.6 (13-17)
26 1 43.3 LP Saginaw 47 2600 150 12.1 n.a. 18.2 n.a.
Seed source: Pop - seed source population number as given in Fig. 1; No = number of parental trees from which seed
was collected in each particular population.
2 Location: Area - Michigan seed source locations where UP refers to Upper Peninsula and LP refers to Lower
Peninsula; County = Michigan county from which trees were sampled.
3Climatic data for each population of sampled trees using isopleth data from various Michigan climate maps: Temp =
average annual mean temperature (°F; 1940-1969; MDA 1974); DD - seasonal (March - October) growing degree days
(base 50°F; 1951-1980; Eichenlaub et al. 1990); FFD - average number of frost free days (i.e., number of days between
last spring 32°F reading and first fall 320F reading; 1940-1969; data drawn from MDA 1971).
4 Height and diameter at breast height (DBH; 1.3 m) of sampled trees by population.
weeks, and then planted in a plowed and disked field in June, 1976. The plantation is located near 42°N, at the Fred Russ
Experimental Forest, Michigan State University, in southwestern Michigan (Fig. 2). Trees were planted in a completely
randomized design on 2.4 x 2.4 m square spacing with an average of 5 trees per seedlot. Overall, 1,088 trees were planted,
with 636 trees from Upper Peninsula seed sources and 452 trees from Lower Peninsula seed sources.
Measurements of this plant material began in 1976 and continued through 1992. Height, diameter, bark color, insect
damage, and tree survival were measured at varying intervals over 15 years (see also Miller et al. 1991). Height was measured
in years 2, 6, 7, 8, and 10 post-establishment. Bronze birch borer damage was evaluated in years 10, 12, and 15 on a
scale of 0 to 3, where 0 = tree apparently healthy with no evidence of borer infestation; 1 = less than half of the crown
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