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esistance to beetle attack. Another study is in progress, once again with juvenile pines, in a plantation subjected to thinning and fertilization. We will be continuing work in that direction. At this time preliminary results indicate that the short-term effects of thinning and fertilization are to enhance carbon partitioning to growth and to reduce carbon committed to secondary metabolism; e.g., resin synthesis. SUMMARY There are a number of ways to approach the problem of assessing the effects of environmental conditions, such as water regime, on tree physiological responses and resistance to bark beetle attack. It helps to keep in mind that environmental factors operate through physiological processes (Fig. 1, and Kramer 1986), and that there are concepts, such as plant growth-differentiation balance (Loomis 1932) and carbon-nutrient balance (Bryant et al. 1983; Tuomi 1992; Tuomi et al. 1988, 1990), that can provide bases for forming testable hypotheses. It is especially important to know as much as possible about the host tree and the specific bark beetle of interest. Observational studies are particularly important because they can provide a baseline for interpreting the results of manipulative studies. Whenever feasible, it is especially helpful in manipulative studies to characterize environmental conditions before and during a study. Because physiological changes that occur during ontogeny of trees can alter their susceptibility to herbivores, knowledge of tree stage of growth and development can be especially helpful. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Cooperative Agreements (19-86-036 and 19-87-20) between the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station and the USDA Forest Service, Southern Forest Experiment Station, contributed in part to results reported here. ' LITERATURE CITED BRYANT, J.P., CHAPIN, F.S., III, and KLEIN, D.R. 1983. Carbon/nutrient balance of boreal plants in relation to vertebrate herbivory. Oikos 40: 357-368. CHAPIN, ES., III, BLOOM, A.J., FIELD, C.B., and WARING, R.H. 1987. Plant responses to multiple environmental factors. BioScience 37: 49-57. CHOU, C.K.S. 1982. Susceptibility of Pinus radiata seedlings to infection by Diplodia pinea as affected by pre-inoculation conditions. New Zealand J. For. Sci. 438-441: COLEY, P.D., BRYANT, J.P., and CHAPIN, F.S., III. 1985. Resource availability and plant antiherbivore defense. Science 230: 895-899. DUNN, J.P. and LORIO, P.L., Jr. 1992. Effects of bark girdling on carbohydrate supply and resistance of loblolly pine to southern pine beetle (Dendroctonusfrontalis Zimm.) attack. For. Ecol. and Manage. 50:317-330. DUNN, J.P. and LORIO, P.L., Jr. 1993. Modified water regimes affect photosynthesis, xylem water potential, cambial growth, and resistance of juvenile Pinus taeda L. to Dendroctonusfrontalis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Environ. Entomol. 22(5): 948-957. GORDON, J.C. and SMITH, W.H. 1987. Tree roots and microbes: a high priority for high technology, p. 423-432. In Boersma, L.L., et al., eds. Future Developments in Soil Science Research. Soil Science Society of America, Madison, WI. HEDDEN, R.L. and LORIO, RL., Jr. 1985. Rating stand susceptibility to southern pine beetle attack on national forests in the Gulf Coastal Plain. Res. Pap. SO-221. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 5 p. 207
HERMS, D.A. AND MATTSON, W.J. 1992. The dilemma of plants: to grow or defend. Quart. Rev. Biol. 67: 283-335. HODGES, J.D. and LORIO, EL., Jr. 1969. Carbohydrate and nitrogen fractions of the inner bark of loblolly pines under moisture stress. Can. J. Bot. 47: 1651-1657. HODGES, J.D. and LORIO, EL., Jr. I971. Comparison of field techniques for measuring moisture stress in large loblolly pines. For. Sci. 17: 220-223. HODGES, J.D. and LORIO, EL., Jr. 1975. Moisture stress and composition of xylem oleoresin in loblolly pine. For. Sci. 22: 283-290. HODGES, J.D., ELAM, W.W., WATSON, W.E, and NEBEKER, T.E. 1979. Oleoresin characteristics and susceptibility of four southern pines to southern pine beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) attacks. Can. Entomol. 111:8 89-896. KLEBS, G. 1903. WiIlkurliche Entwickelungsanderungen bei Pflanzen. G. Fisher, Jena. KLEBS, G. 1910. Alterations in the development and forms of plants as a result of environment. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London 82B: 547-548. KOZLOWSKI, T.T. 1969. Tree physiology and forest pests. J. For. 67:118-123. KRAMER, P.J. 1986. The role of physiology in forestry. Tree Physiol. 2: 1-16. LOOMIS, W.E. 1932. Growth-differentiation balance vs carbohydrate-nitrogen ratio. Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science 29: 240-245. LOOMIS, W.E. 1953. Growth correlation, p. 197-217. In Loomis, W.E., ed. Growth and Differentiation in Plants. Iowa State College Press, Ames, IA. LOOMIS, R.S., LUO, Y., and KOOMAN, E 1990. Integration of activity in the higher plant, p. 105-124. In Rabbinge, R. et al., eds. Theoretical Production Ecology: Reflections and Perspectives. Pudoc, Wageningen, The Netherlands. LORIO, EL., Jr. 1966. Phytophthora cinnamomi and Pythium species associated with loblolly pine decline in Louisiana. Plant Dis. Rep. 50: 596-597. LORIO, EL., Jr. 1968. Soil and stand conditions related to southern pine beetle activity in Hardin County, Texas. J. Econ. Entomol. 61: 565-566. LORIO, EL., Jr. 1978. Developing stand risk classes for the southern pine beetle. Res. Pap. SO-144. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 9 p. LORIO, EL., Jr. 1980. Loblolly pine stocking levels affect potential for southern pine beetle infestation. South. J. Appl. For. 4: 259-265. LORIO, EL., Jr. 1986. Growth-differentiation balance: a basis for understanding southern pine beetle-tree interactions. For. Ecol. and Manage. 14: 259-273. LORIO, EL., Jr. 1993. The relationship of oleoresin exudation pressure (or lack thereof) to flow from wounds. J. Sustain. For. (In Press). LORIO, EL., Jr. and BENNETT, W.H. 1974. Recurring southern pine beetle infestations near Oakdale, Louisiana. Res. Pap. SO-95. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southern Research Station. 6 p. LORIO, EL., Jr. and HODGES, J.D. I968a. Microsite effects on oleoresin exudation pressure of large loblolly pines. Ecology 49(6): 1207-1210. 2O8
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DYNAMICS OF FOREST HERBIVORY: QUEST
Page 5 and 6:
TABLE OF CONTENTS Seeking The Rules
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32. Companion planting of the nitro
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GRIMALSKY, ¥.I., Research Institut
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POUTTU, ANTTI, Finnish Forest Resea
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persist in mature leaves and affect
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THE SINK-SOURCE HYPOTHESIS: TYPE AN
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late season defoliation decreases t
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BLANCHE, C.A., LORIO, EL., Jr., SOM
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NIEMELA, R, TUOMI, J,, and LOJANDER
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induced reactions have been studied
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summer, but the other sawfly specie
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LARSSON, S., BJ(_RKMAN, C., and GRE
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STAND AND LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY AS A
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not related to resistance to the se
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In contrast to the situation in eas
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ROOT, R.B. 1973. Organization of a
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We tlhus neglect two potential sour
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c__ c__ 1T1 Ill a) a) 0 0 0 e 1 o e
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c_ >l.s S S S m N < DN DN < D c DN
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:hen k > 0 suggest that the cue or
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oth as protective weapons and as po
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DEFENSE THEORIES AND BIRCH RESISTAN
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P 45 A L 40 A T 35 A B 30 I L 25 I
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However, hares showed strong prefer
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DUGLE, J.A. 1966. A taxonomic study
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accommodate findings related to mic
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Table l.--Mean ±S.E. area eaten by
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Sulfhydryl-Disulfide Mechanisms In
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Iraa prior experimental analysis of
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FRAZIER, J.L. and HEITZ, J.R. 1975.
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REICHARD, R 1993. From RNA to DNA,
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; trees, and between and within ind
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Encapsulated objects are data struc
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_re3.--The Lignum model can be cont
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SEVERE DEFOLIATION Tree Fine Root +
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RUMBAUGH, J., BLAHA, M., PREMERLANI
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oo0 a b ol ¢' _achiman_i ()® 1,eA
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1000 Conspicuous Defo i at ion 100
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2.oo 2.oo o t 4 t ¢._ e'- 1.80 1.8
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Qualitative Changes in [,eaves and
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t00 2 Yr 1 Yr o_ 80 Treatment Treat
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Table 2.--Body size of Q. purzctate
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06 b AddedBSA < 04 _ 2rag -'=' i:3
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Severe Defol iat ion Site-A 1993 _
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KAMATA, N. and IGARASHI, M. 1995b.
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enclosure %r 20 post-diapausing sec
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2,500 F 000 F NF NF b _7 a _;_ a _7
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8O D 09 i 4,'.) F AS4L a Z___7 2o !
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2,500 _ st2-st4 El st5 0 st6 [_ pup
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96 SLANSKY, E, Jr. 1990. Insect nut
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later, we selected one more floweri
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Table 2.---Mean spruce budworm perf
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Table 3..--Mean spruce budworm perf
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FOLIVORE FEEDING ON MALE CONIFER FL
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Table 3.--Lymantria monacha prefere
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500- 400- i 300 v ¢ m a 200- I00 L
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From the point of view of trees, th
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THE BLACKMARGINED APHID AS A KEYSTO
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Wood et al. (1987) report that M. c
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MIZELL, R.E 1991. Pesticides and be
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METHODS Study Site The study took p
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the samples. Fertilization had subs
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Table 2.--Percent nutrient content
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Some tree responses to fertilizatio
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PHYTOCHEMICAL PROTECTION AND NATURA
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Indirect effects of abiotic factors
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HUNTER, M.D. and PRICE, P.W. 1992.
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A° ADDITIVE C. HYBRID SUSCEPTIBILI
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Galls, leaf miners, or leaf folds w
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Table 2.--Summary of the hypotheses
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the inheritance patterns of seconda
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FLOATE, K.D. and WHITHAM, T.G. 1993
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Elements of the Suitability/Defense
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Table l.--Comparing the mean number
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors sincer
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SINGH, D.R 1986_ Breeding for resis
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The objectives of this presentation
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Table 1.--Average weevil attack on
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1977, Kline and Mitchell 1979, Wood
Page 166 and 167: Further research is underway to cla
Page 168 and 169: A SUGI CLONE HIGHLY PALATABLE TO HA
Page 170 and 171: RESULTS Seasonal Stability of Palat
Page 172 and 173: -
Page 174 and 175: OGAWA, A., NAGATA, Y., and SUKENO,
Page 176 and 177: MATERIALS AND METHODS Field Work In
Page 178 and 179: Laboratory Procedures The week afte
Page 180 and 181: E 120 Nogent-sur-Vernisson Remnings
Page 182 and 183: Interdependence Between Reaction Zo
Page 184 and 185: alance hypothesis (Lorio 1986) cann
Page 186 and 187: SOLHEIM, H., LANGSTROM, B., and HEL
Page 188 and 189: In a second experiment, three 30-ye
Page 190 and 191: Considering biochemical pathways, i
Page 192 and 193: - = 120 N /'_" =40 1/ _ j Days 0 _
Page 194 and 195: BIGGS, A.R. 1985. Suberized boundar
Page 196 and 197: DIFFERENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WHIT
Page 198 and 199: Table 2.--Mortality of white fir pr
Page 200 and 201: Results from the geographic range p
Page 202 and 203: esulting seedlings were then rooted
Page 204 and 205: -0.2 0 5 82. _j -0,4 e a a a D4 E I
Page 206 and 207: 1960, Kalkstein 1976). Increased su
Page 208 and 209: RYAN, B.F., JOtNER, B.L., and RYAN,
Page 210 and 211: It is seldom feasible to control wa
Page 212 and 213: 15 15 u. 10 |O O N tal 5 5 g ao o 4
Page 214 and 215: Only recently have we conducted stu
Page 218 and 219: LORIO, EL., Jr'. and HODGES, J.D. 1
Page 220 and 221: EFFECTS OF ROOT INHABITING INSECT-F
Page 222 and 223: OCCURRENCE OF ROOT AND STEM SUBCORT
Page 224 and 225: ]Predisposition of Root-infected Tr
Page 226 and 227: chemistry associated with root colo
Page 228 and 229: Implications to Natural Resource Ma
Page 230 and 231: KLEPZIG, K.D., RAFFA, K.F., and SMA
Page 232 and 233: RAFFA, K.F., PHILLIPS, T., and SALO
Page 234 and 235: METHODS The study was installed in
Page 236 and 237: FURNISS, M.M., LIVINGSTON, R.L., an
Page 238 and 239: METHODS In the spring and summer of
Page 240 and 241: The importance of a compound as a r
Page 242 and 243: WERNER, R.A. 1995. Toxicity and rep
Page 244 and 245: 41 40 42 \ 4t 42 41 42 ",,,\ 42 40
Page 246 and 247: Table 1.--Summary data for the 26 p
Page 248 and 249: One weakness of using data from gen
Page 250 and 251: Lower Peninsula (populations 14-26)
Page 252 and 253: AUCLAIR, A.ND., WORREST, R.C., LACH
Page 254 and 255: KELLOMAKI, S., HANNINEN, H., and KO
Page 256 and 257: WARGO, RM. and HAACK, R.A. 1991. Un
Page 258 and 259: investigation. Sampling was done on
Page 260 and 261: Figure 2.--Changes in protein preci
Page 262 and 263: q) J 400 T J ! i i i i o control tr
Page 264 and 265: attacked trees than in control tree
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ACIDIC DEPOSITION, DROUGHT, AND INS
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Table 1.--Impact of acidic fog upon
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MENGEL, K., BREININGER, T., and LUT
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THE RESISTANCE OF SCOTCH PINE TO DE
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EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Experiments we
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C w Q. 1,200 1,000 o 800 C_ --- 600
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0 .................................
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FONTAtNE, R.G. 1985. Forty years of
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Host Defenses An important componen
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Functional Heterogeneity of Forest
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The Connectivity Index (CI). The CI
Page 288 and 289:
FUNCTIONAL HETEROGENEITYANALYSIS :
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The Modified Hazard Map. The next l
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systems facilitate mapping of fores
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KOLASA, J. and ROLLO, C.D. 1991. In
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) i,i_i)i_)i_i_ U.S. Departme_]t of
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