View or print this publication - Northern Research Station - USDA ...

More documents

Recommendations

Info

_re3.--The Lignum model can be controlled through windows and sliders and the parameters can be customized. In the graph shown, one shoot in the top whorl has turned brown due to damage in sapwood as caused by Tomicus spp. Examples of Herbivore Attack on the Model ]¥ee Propagation of the effects of herbivore attack in the tree model can only be implemented through material flows from object to another. So far, we have only implemented an upward water flow-method for the sapwood part of shoots and ds and a downward starch flow-method for the phloem part of shoots and whorls. The status-attribute of these parts can values between 0 and 1. The rate of the flow is directly proportional to this status. The status of phloem, sapwood, and Lgeis also shown graphically as the color of the part as Figure 4 shows. Sapwood.Status _.- Sapwood.Upflow ,. + +_,,'"_+ ".X BLUE Foliage.Status Shoot.Colour + _ + ..... GREEN f.,,,,,,,.,,._..-,-- + , / RED - :_ / Foliage.Production / + Phloem.Status _,. Phloern.Downflow + 1re 4.--The color of the diseased shoot is shown as the combination of three main status attributes of its parts. 63
Boring by Pine Shoot Beetles Examples of insects feeding on the canopies of trees are the pine shoot beetles, Tomicus spp. This bark beetle is the first one to invade dying or felled pines to breed in spring. The progeny emerging from breeding sites in trunks disperse to the crowns of pines during mid- and late-summer. In order to become mature, young adults feed in pine shoots burrowing intothe pith. The beetles attack mainly current year shoots of upper half of the canopy. The burrows may heal over only in the thickest shoots, otherwise they turn brown, break, and fall down. Physiologically, Tomicus attacks in shoots have an effect like the sudden cutting of ducts (Fig. 5). % f:: ' • _ _: ,:,. . Figure 5. After about 10 years of repeated Tomicus piniperda damage the tops of • _- _ i,,__. 5 Scots pine have become deformed as on the right. Under a permanent __ ': '*'.... " " beetle pressure the spike-like tops die and the pines start looking flat- _.w-_ "_'g_ ;:,:_ ,;. ,.(._ '. _:::':: i _: topped. , • _,: ": The effects of removal of shoots on remaining parts of the tree can be divided into three groups: first, the environmental effects, e.g., the changes in light conditions, water availability and release of nutrients from fallen shoots; second, the structural reactions like leader shoot changes, formation of adventitious shoots, sapwood-heartwood relation, and the dying of roots as the pipe model indicates; and third, the carbohydrate dynamics of the tree, including changes in assimilation nutrient allocation, root activity and compensation processes. The last group of effects is the most difficult to include model. These effects are discussed thoroughly by Swedish researchers (Fagerstrom et al. 1977, Ericsson et al. 1985, Langstrom et al. 1990,Troeng and Langstrom 1991, Langstrom and Hellqvist 1991, 1992). In addition, the reactions capacity, in a seem to d m b o be different according to age, growing site, and provenance of trees, v t The distribution of damage classes of crown can be used to make rough estimates of growth losses in stands repeat- edly attacked by pine shoot beetles (Kukkola et al. 1994). With a stand of model trees, the spatial pattern of beetle dispersal and the distribution of growth losses of pines may be examined, b The present model should be able to simulate the pruning pattern of Tomicus attack and the growth loss. The model o t is currently being used this way by letting individual Tomicus object instances to choose a shoot for foraging. The choices attacking beetles depend on the shoots already allocate by the previously attacked beetles, and the amount the tree stands above or below its neighbors. of out r Defoliation by Insect Larvae Scots pine is adapted to low nutrient resources and stores its major reserves in foliage. Figure 6 shows the dynamics e that follow from a severe defoliation in this situation. A severe defoliation reduces the carbohydrates and nutrients overall in o the tree, and also reduces the needle number. This leads to increased nutrient concentration in the remaining needles, as the s fine root biomass is not immediately reduced and its nutrient uptake pumps more nutrients into the remaining needles. This a increases the quality of the remaining needles for food of the defoliator. Increased nutrition in needles also leads to their d increased size and increases production. The carbohydrate concentration in needles increases as well as the concentration of the carbon-based protective metabolites (for a review, see Herms and Mattson 1992). 64 F d
Page 1 and 2:
"
Page 3 and 4:
DYNAMICS OF FOREST HERBIVORY: QUEST
Page 5 and 6:
TABLE OF CONTENTS Seeking The Rules
Page 7 and 8:
32. Companion planting of the nitro
Page 9 and 10:
GRIMALSKY, ¥.I., Research Institut
Page 11 and 12:
POUTTU, ANTTI, Finnish Forest Resea
Page 13 and 14:
persist in mature leaves and affect
Page 15 and 16:
THE SINK-SOURCE HYPOTHESIS: TYPE AN
Page 17 and 18:
late season defoliation decreases t
Page 19 and 20:
BLANCHE, C.A., LORIO, EL., Jr., SOM
Page 21 and 22:
NIEMELA, R, TUOMI, J,, and LOJANDER
Page 24: induced reactions have been studied
Page 28 and 29: summer, but the other sawfly specie
Page 30 and 31: LARSSON, S., BJ(_RKMAN, C., and GRE
Page 32 and 33: STAND AND LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY AS A
Page 34 and 35: not related to resistance to the se
Page 36 and 37: In contrast to the situation in eas
Page 38 and 39: ROOT, R.B. 1973. Organization of a
Page 40 and 41: We tlhus neglect two potential sour
Page 42 and 43: c__ c__ 1T1 Ill a) a) 0 0 0 e 1 o e
Page 44 and 45: c_ >l.s S S S m N < DN DN < D c DN
Page 46 and 47: :hen k > 0 suggest that the cue or
Page 48 and 49: oth as protective weapons and as po
Page 50 and 51: DEFENSE THEORIES AND BIRCH RESISTAN
Page 52 and 53: P 45 A L 40 A T 35 A B 30 I L 25 I
Page 54 and 55: However, hares showed strong prefer
Page 56 and 57: DUGLE, J.A. 1966. A taxonomic study
Page 58 and 59: accommodate findings related to mic
Page 60 and 61: Table l.--Mean ±S.E. area eaten by
Page 62 and 63: Sulfhydryl-Disulfide Mechanisms In
Page 64 and 65: Iraa prior experimental analysis of
Page 66 and 67: FRAZIER, J.L. and HEITZ, J.R. 1975.
Page 68 and 69: REICHARD, R 1993. From RNA to DNA,
Page 70 and 71: ; trees, and between and within ind
Page 72 and 73: Encapsulated objects are data struc
Page 76 and 77: SEVERE DEFOLIATION Tree Fine Root +
Page 78 and 79: RUMBAUGH, J., BLAHA, M., PREMERLANI
Page 80 and 81: oo0 a b ol ¢' _achiman_i ()® 1,eA
Page 82 and 83: 1000 Conspicuous Defo i at ion 100
Page 84 and 85: 2.oo 2.oo o t 4 t ¢._ e'- 1.80 1.8
Page 86 and 87: Qualitative Changes in [,eaves and
Page 88 and 89: t00 2 Yr 1 Yr o_ 80 Treatment Treat
Page 90 and 91: Table 2.--Body size of Q. purzctate
Page 92 and 93: 06 b AddedBSA < 04 _ 2rag -'=' i:3
Page 94 and 95: Severe Defol iat ion Site-A 1993 _
Page 96 and 97: KAMATA, N. and IGARASHI, M. 1995b.
Page 98 and 99: enclosure %r 20 post-diapausing sec
Page 100 and 101: 2,500 F 000 F NF NF b _7 a _;_ a _7
Page 102 and 103: 8O D 09 i 4,'.) F AS4L a Z___7 2o !
Page 104 and 105: 2,500 _ st2-st4 El st5 0 st6 [_ pup
Page 106 and 107: 96 SLANSKY, E, Jr. 1990. Insect nut
Page 108 and 109: later, we selected one more floweri
Page 110 and 111: Table 2.---Mean spruce budworm perf
Page 112 and 113: Table 3..--Mean spruce budworm perf
Page 114 and 115: FOLIVORE FEEDING ON MALE CONIFER FL
Page 116 and 117: Table 3.--Lymantria monacha prefere
Page 118 and 119: 500- 400- i 300 v ¢ m a 200- I00 L
Page 120 and 121: From the point of view of trees, th
Page 122 and 123: THE BLACKMARGINED APHID AS A KEYSTO
Page 124 and 125:
Wood et al. (1987) report that M. c
Page 126 and 127:
MIZELL, R.E 1991. Pesticides and be
Page 128 and 129:
METHODS Study Site The study took p
Page 130 and 131:
the samples. Fertilization had subs
Page 132 and 133:
Table 2.--Percent nutrient content
Page 134 and 135:
Some tree responses to fertilizatio
Page 136 and 137:
PHYTOCHEMICAL PROTECTION AND NATURA
Page 138 and 139:
Indirect effects of abiotic factors
Page 140 and 141:
HUNTER, M.D. and PRICE, P.W. 1992.
Page 142 and 143:
A° ADDITIVE C. HYBRID SUSCEPTIBILI
Page 144 and 145:
Galls, leaf miners, or leaf folds w
Page 146 and 147:
Table 2.--Summary of the hypotheses
Page 148 and 149:
the inheritance patterns of seconda
Page 150 and 151:
FLOATE, K.D. and WHITHAM, T.G. 1993
Page 152 and 153:
Elements of the Suitability/Defense
Page 154 and 155:
Table l.--Comparing the mean number
Page 156 and 157:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors sincer
Page 158 and 159:
SINGH, D.R 1986_ Breeding for resis
Page 160 and 161:
The objectives of this presentation
Page 162 and 163:
Table 1.--Average weevil attack on
Page 164 and 165:
1977, Kline and Mitchell 1979, Wood
Page 166 and 167:
Further research is underway to cla
Page 168 and 169:
A SUGI CLONE HIGHLY PALATABLE TO HA
Page 170 and 171:
RESULTS Seasonal Stability of Palat
Page 172 and 173:
-
Page 174 and 175:
OGAWA, A., NAGATA, Y., and SUKENO,
Page 176 and 177:
MATERIALS AND METHODS Field Work In
Page 178 and 179:
Laboratory Procedures The week afte
Page 180 and 181:
E 120 Nogent-sur-Vernisson Remnings
Page 182 and 183:
Interdependence Between Reaction Zo
Page 184 and 185:
alance hypothesis (Lorio 1986) cann
Page 186 and 187:
SOLHEIM, H., LANGSTROM, B., and HEL
Page 188 and 189:
In a second experiment, three 30-ye
Page 190 and 191:
Considering biochemical pathways, i
Page 192 and 193:
- = 120 N /'_" =40 1/ _ j Days 0 _
Page 194 and 195:
BIGGS, A.R. 1985. Suberized boundar
Page 196 and 197:
DIFFERENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WHIT
Page 198 and 199:
Table 2.--Mortality of white fir pr
Page 200 and 201:
Results from the geographic range p
Page 202 and 203:
esulting seedlings were then rooted
Page 204 and 205:
-0.2 0 5 82. _j -0,4 e a a a D4 E I
Page 206 and 207:
1960, Kalkstein 1976). Increased su
Page 208 and 209:
RYAN, B.F., JOtNER, B.L., and RYAN,
Page 210 and 211:
It is seldom feasible to control wa
Page 212 and 213:
15 15 u. 10 |O O N tal 5 5 g ao o 4
Page 214 and 215:
Only recently have we conducted stu
Page 216 and 217:
esistance to beetle attack. Another
Page 218 and 219:
LORIO, EL., Jr'. and HODGES, J.D. 1
Page 220 and 221:
EFFECTS OF ROOT INHABITING INSECT-F
Page 222 and 223:
OCCURRENCE OF ROOT AND STEM SUBCORT
Page 224 and 225:
]Predisposition of Root-infected Tr
Page 226 and 227:
chemistry associated with root colo
Page 228 and 229:
Implications to Natural Resource Ma
Page 230 and 231:
KLEPZIG, K.D., RAFFA, K.F., and SMA
Page 232 and 233:
RAFFA, K.F., PHILLIPS, T., and SALO
Page 234 and 235:
METHODS The study was installed in
Page 236 and 237:
FURNISS, M.M., LIVINGSTON, R.L., an
Page 238 and 239:
METHODS In the spring and summer of
Page 240 and 241:
The importance of a compound as a r
Page 242 and 243:
WERNER, R.A. 1995. Toxicity and rep
Page 244 and 245:
41 40 42 \ 4t 42 41 42 ",,,\ 42 40
Page 246 and 247:
Table 1.--Summary data for the 26 p
Page 248 and 249:
One weakness of using data from gen
Page 250 and 251:
Lower Peninsula (populations 14-26)
Page 252 and 253:
AUCLAIR, A.ND., WORREST, R.C., LACH
Page 254 and 255:
KELLOMAKI, S., HANNINEN, H., and KO
Page 256 and 257:
WARGO, RM. and HAACK, R.A. 1991. Un
Page 258 and 259:
investigation. Sampling was done on
Page 260 and 261:
Figure 2.--Changes in protein preci
Page 262 and 263:
q) J 400 T J ! i i i i o control tr
Page 264 and 265:
attacked trees than in control tree
Page 266 and 267:
ACIDIC DEPOSITION, DROUGHT, AND INS
Page 268 and 269:
Table 1.--Impact of acidic fog upon
Page 270 and 271:
MENGEL, K., BREININGER, T., and LUT
Page 272 and 273:
THE RESISTANCE OF SCOTCH PINE TO DE
Page 274 and 275:
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Experiments we
Page 276 and 277:
C w Q. 1,200 1,000 o 800 C_ --- 600
Page 278 and 279:
0 .................................
Page 280 and 281:
FONTAtNE, R.G. 1985. Forty years of
Page 282 and 283:
Host Defenses An important componen
Page 284 and 285:
Functional Heterogeneity of Forest
Page 286 and 287:
The Connectivity Index (CI). The CI
Page 288 and 289:
FUNCTIONAL HETEROGENEITYANALYSIS :
Page 290 and 291:
The Modified Hazard Map. The next l
Page 292 and 293:
systems facilitate mapping of fores
Page 294 and 295:
KOLASA, J. and ROLLO, C.D. 1991. In
Page 296:
) i,i_i)i_)i_i_ U.S. Departme_]t of
show all

View or print this publication - Northern Research Station - USDA ...

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?