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c__ c__ 1T1 Ill a) a) 0 0 0 e 1 o e 1 W N Z Z i I b) b) ! I I 0 _ p 1 0 9 r 1 Figure 2.--ESS-conditions in N-D subgame contrasting Figure 3.--ESS-conditions in N-S subgame contrastnondefensive strategy (N) and lethal defense (D): ing nondefensive strategy (N) and defense (S) [a] The parameter areas where N and D are pure that induces conditional feeding aversion: [a] ESSs are shaded, while in the blank area neither The parameter areas where N and S are ESSs of them is an ESS; and [b] Fitnesses of N and D are shaded; and [b] Fitnesses of N and S as a as a function of population frequency (1_) of D function of the population frequency (r) of S when 0 < _ < 1. I_ = stable equilibrium; C, m, and when 0 < _ < 1. _ = unstable equilibrium; C, e as in Fig. 1. m, and e as in Fig. 1. 31
Z C ,,,,, ,,,, m 0 a) 0 e I I I I ws b) I 0 _" r 1 Figure 4.--ESS-conditions in D-S subgame contrasting lethal defense (D) and defense (S) that induces conditional feeding aversion: [a] The parameter areas where D and S are ESSs are shaded (k > 0); and [b] Fitnesses of D and S as a function of the population frequency (r) of S when 0 < } < 1. T 2= unstable equilibrium; C, m, and e as in Fig. 1. 32
Page 1 and 2: "
Page 3 and 4: DYNAMICS OF FOREST HERBIVORY: QUEST
Page 5 and 6: TABLE OF CONTENTS Seeking The Rules
Page 7 and 8: 32. Companion planting of the nitro
Page 9 and 10: GRIMALSKY, ¥.I., Research Institut
Page 11 and 12: POUTTU, ANTTI, Finnish Forest Resea
Page 13 and 14: persist in mature leaves and affect
Page 15 and 16: THE SINK-SOURCE HYPOTHESIS: TYPE AN
Page 17 and 18: late season defoliation decreases t
Page 19 and 20: BLANCHE, C.A., LORIO, EL., Jr., SOM
Page 21 and 22: NIEMELA, R, TUOMI, J,, and LOJANDER
Page 24: induced reactions have been studied
Page 28 and 29: summer, but the other sawfly specie
Page 30 and 31: LARSSON, S., BJ(_RKMAN, C., and GRE
Page 32 and 33: STAND AND LANDSCAPE DIVERSITY AS A
Page 34 and 35: not related to resistance to the se
Page 36 and 37: In contrast to the situation in eas
Page 38 and 39: ROOT, R.B. 1973. Organization of a
Page 40 and 41: We tlhus neglect two potential sour
Page 44 and 45: c_ >l.s S S S m N < DN DN < D c DN
Page 46 and 47: :hen k > 0 suggest that the cue or
Page 48 and 49: oth as protective weapons and as po
Page 50 and 51: DEFENSE THEORIES AND BIRCH RESISTAN
Page 52 and 53: P 45 A L 40 A T 35 A B 30 I L 25 I
Page 54 and 55: However, hares showed strong prefer
Page 56 and 57: DUGLE, J.A. 1966. A taxonomic study
Page 58 and 59: accommodate findings related to mic
Page 60 and 61: Table l.--Mean ±S.E. area eaten by
Page 62 and 63: Sulfhydryl-Disulfide Mechanisms In
Page 64 and 65: Iraa prior experimental analysis of
Page 66 and 67: FRAZIER, J.L. and HEITZ, J.R. 1975.
Page 68 and 69: REICHARD, R 1993. From RNA to DNA,
Page 70 and 71: ; trees, and between and within ind
Page 72 and 73: Encapsulated objects are data struc
Page 74 and 75: _re3.--The Lignum model can be cont
Page 76 and 77: SEVERE DEFOLIATION Tree Fine Root +
Page 78 and 79: RUMBAUGH, J., BLAHA, M., PREMERLANI
Page 80 and 81: oo0 a b ol ¢' _achiman_i ()® 1,eA
Page 82 and 83: 1000 Conspicuous Defo i at ion 100
Page 84 and 85: 2.oo 2.oo o t 4 t ¢._ e'- 1.80 1.8
Page 86 and 87: Qualitative Changes in [,eaves and
Page 88 and 89: t00 2 Yr 1 Yr o_ 80 Treatment Treat
Page 90 and 91: Table 2.--Body size of Q. purzctate
Page 92 and 93:
06 b AddedBSA < 04 _ 2rag -'=' i:3
Page 94 and 95:
Severe Defol iat ion Site-A 1993 _
Page 96 and 97:
KAMATA, N. and IGARASHI, M. 1995b.
Page 98 and 99:
enclosure %r 20 post-diapausing sec
Page 100 and 101:
2,500 F 000 F NF NF b _7 a _;_ a _7
Page 102 and 103:
8O D 09 i 4,'.) F AS4L a Z___7 2o !
Page 104 and 105:
2,500 _ st2-st4 El st5 0 st6 [_ pup
Page 106 and 107:
96 SLANSKY, E, Jr. 1990. Insect nut
Page 108 and 109:
later, we selected one more floweri
Page 110 and 111:
Table 2.---Mean spruce budworm perf
Page 112 and 113:
Table 3..--Mean spruce budworm perf
Page 114 and 115:
FOLIVORE FEEDING ON MALE CONIFER FL
Page 116 and 117:
Table 3.--Lymantria monacha prefere
Page 118 and 119:
500- 400- i 300 v ¢ m a 200- I00 L
Page 120 and 121:
From the point of view of trees, th
Page 122 and 123:
THE BLACKMARGINED APHID AS A KEYSTO
Page 124 and 125:
Wood et al. (1987) report that M. c
Page 126 and 127:
MIZELL, R.E 1991. Pesticides and be
Page 128 and 129:
METHODS Study Site The study took p
Page 130 and 131:
the samples. Fertilization had subs
Page 132 and 133:
Table 2.--Percent nutrient content
Page 134 and 135:
Some tree responses to fertilizatio
Page 136 and 137:
PHYTOCHEMICAL PROTECTION AND NATURA
Page 138 and 139:
Indirect effects of abiotic factors
Page 140 and 141:
HUNTER, M.D. and PRICE, P.W. 1992.
Page 142 and 143:
A° ADDITIVE C. HYBRID SUSCEPTIBILI
Page 144 and 145:
Galls, leaf miners, or leaf folds w
Page 146 and 147:
Table 2.--Summary of the hypotheses
Page 148 and 149:
the inheritance patterns of seconda
Page 150 and 151:
FLOATE, K.D. and WHITHAM, T.G. 1993
Page 152 and 153:
Elements of the Suitability/Defense
Page 154 and 155:
Table l.--Comparing the mean number
Page 156 and 157:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors sincer
Page 158 and 159:
SINGH, D.R 1986_ Breeding for resis
Page 160 and 161:
The objectives of this presentation
Page 162 and 163:
Table 1.--Average weevil attack on
Page 164 and 165:
1977, Kline and Mitchell 1979, Wood
Page 166 and 167:
Further research is underway to cla
Page 168 and 169:
A SUGI CLONE HIGHLY PALATABLE TO HA
Page 170 and 171:
RESULTS Seasonal Stability of Palat
Page 172 and 173:
-
Page 174 and 175:
OGAWA, A., NAGATA, Y., and SUKENO,
Page 176 and 177:
MATERIALS AND METHODS Field Work In
Page 178 and 179:
Laboratory Procedures The week afte
Page 180 and 181:
E 120 Nogent-sur-Vernisson Remnings
Page 182 and 183:
Interdependence Between Reaction Zo
Page 184 and 185:
alance hypothesis (Lorio 1986) cann
Page 186 and 187:
SOLHEIM, H., LANGSTROM, B., and HEL
Page 188 and 189:
In a second experiment, three 30-ye
Page 190 and 191:
Considering biochemical pathways, i
Page 192 and 193:
- = 120 N /'_" =40 1/ _ j Days 0 _
Page 194 and 195:
BIGGS, A.R. 1985. Suberized boundar
Page 196 and 197:
DIFFERENTIAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF WHIT
Page 198 and 199:
Table 2.--Mortality of white fir pr
Page 200 and 201:
Results from the geographic range p
Page 202 and 203:
esulting seedlings were then rooted
Page 204 and 205:
-0.2 0 5 82. _j -0,4 e a a a D4 E I
Page 206 and 207:
1960, Kalkstein 1976). Increased su
Page 208 and 209:
RYAN, B.F., JOtNER, B.L., and RYAN,
Page 210 and 211:
It is seldom feasible to control wa
Page 212 and 213:
15 15 u. 10 |O O N tal 5 5 g ao o 4
Page 214 and 215:
Only recently have we conducted stu
Page 216 and 217:
esistance to beetle attack. Another
Page 218 and 219:
LORIO, EL., Jr'. and HODGES, J.D. 1
Page 220 and 221:
EFFECTS OF ROOT INHABITING INSECT-F
Page 222 and 223:
OCCURRENCE OF ROOT AND STEM SUBCORT
Page 224 and 225:
]Predisposition of Root-infected Tr
Page 226 and 227:
chemistry associated with root colo
Page 228 and 229:
Implications to Natural Resource Ma
Page 230 and 231:
KLEPZIG, K.D., RAFFA, K.F., and SMA
Page 232 and 233:
RAFFA, K.F., PHILLIPS, T., and SALO
Page 234 and 235:
METHODS The study was installed in
Page 236 and 237:
FURNISS, M.M., LIVINGSTON, R.L., an
Page 238 and 239:
METHODS In the spring and summer of
Page 240 and 241:
The importance of a compound as a r
Page 242 and 243:
WERNER, R.A. 1995. Toxicity and rep
Page 244 and 245:
41 40 42 \ 4t 42 41 42 ",,,\ 42 40
Page 246 and 247:
Table 1.--Summary data for the 26 p
Page 248 and 249:
One weakness of using data from gen
Page 250 and 251:
Lower Peninsula (populations 14-26)
Page 252 and 253:
AUCLAIR, A.ND., WORREST, R.C., LACH
Page 254 and 255:
KELLOMAKI, S., HANNINEN, H., and KO
Page 256 and 257:
WARGO, RM. and HAACK, R.A. 1991. Un
Page 258 and 259:
investigation. Sampling was done on
Page 260 and 261:
Figure 2.--Changes in protein preci
Page 262 and 263:
q) J 400 T J ! i i i i o control tr
Page 264 and 265:
attacked trees than in control tree
Page 266 and 267:
ACIDIC DEPOSITION, DROUGHT, AND INS
Page 268 and 269:
Table 1.--Impact of acidic fog upon
Page 270 and 271:
MENGEL, K., BREININGER, T., and LUT
Page 272 and 273:
THE RESISTANCE OF SCOTCH PINE TO DE
Page 274 and 275:
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS Experiments we
Page 276 and 277:
C w Q. 1,200 1,000 o 800 C_ --- 600
Page 278 and 279:
0 .................................
Page 280 and 281:
FONTAtNE, R.G. 1985. Forty years of
Page 282 and 283:
Host Defenses An important componen
Page 284 and 285:
Functional Heterogeneity of Forest
Page 286 and 287:
The Connectivity Index (CI). The CI
Page 288 and 289:
FUNCTIONAL HETEROGENEITYANALYSIS :
Page 290 and 291:
The Modified Hazard Map. The next l
Page 292 and 293:
systems facilitate mapping of fores
Page 294 and 295:
KOLASA, J. and ROLLO, C.D. 1991. In
Page 296:
) i,i_i)i_)i_i_ U.S. Departme_]t of
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