Technology Status - NET Nowak Energie & Technologie AG

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98 Further cost reductions will be possible with Direct Steam Generation (DSG), which will eliminate the need for the heat transfer fluid system and reduce the efficiency loss involved with using a heat exchanger to generate steam. DSG will also improve the solar-field operating efficiency due to lower average operating temperatures and improved heat transfer in the collector. Thermal Storage Thermal storage has made tremendous progress in recent years. The most advanced thermal-storage technology is the two-tank, molten-salt unit at Solar Two. This technology has not yet been applied to trough systems, but studies have shown the feasibility of developing a molten-salt heat transfer fluid system which will eliminate heat exchanger losses. A thermocline molten-salt system for both power tower and trough is planned for future development. The long-term objective is an advanced organic heat transfer fluid, which will also work as a direct thermal-storage medium. The advantages of such a system will be a low freezing point, low vapour pressure, high thermal stability and low cost. More advanced thermal storage for power tower will include high-temperature phase change and thermal-chemical approaches to hydrogen generation. Since the dish/engine system does not include thermal-storage capacity, R&D should focus on alternative storage systems using batteries or hydrogen. Concentrators The solar concentrator is the most expensive feature of a CSP plant. Better reflective materials, mirror facets, structural design and drives all promise future cost reductions. New reflective materials hold particular long-term promise because they may be cheaper and lighter than glass and result in easier and less expensive manufacturing. Optimisation of concentrator design will reduce structural costs. One innovative concept under development in Australia is the Linear Fresnel Reflector that employs nearly-flat mirrors located very close to the ground. This reduces concentrator wind loads and increases packing density, both of which could reduce system costs. O&M Better operation and maintenance can contribute considerably to reducing the costs of CSP technology. R&D will focus on construction and control and communication systems. Maintenance, such as mirror cleaning, must keep the collector field operating at high levels of efficiency and availability, but also be inexpensive and easy. Improved methods of installation will be pursued during the next large-scale project. CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER X4
● Non-technical Issues Two non-technical issues could have a major impact on future costs and markets for CSP. The development of multiple plants at the same location in a solar power park will reduce the cost of CSP technology because the power park offers reduced O&M, engineering and development costs. Construction costs will also be affected through labour learning-curve efficiencies. Multiple projects will mean multi-year manufacturing runs of solar collector components, resulting in reduced cost per collector. The financial structure of projects is also an important issue. Centralised CSP plants are capital-intensive, and the cost of capital and the type of project financing can have a significant impact on the final cost of power. 4 CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER 99
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY RENEWAB
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY 9, rue
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication d
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8 Prospects for Wind Power 158 Issu
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10 4. Turbine Efficiency Over Time
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Renewables are th
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Technology and Technological Develo
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Table 1 Focal Points for Policy Int
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Table 2 Ranges of Investment and Ge
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Table 3 Current and Forecast Instal
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generation. Better power quality re
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per kWh from plants with proven con
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28 Renewables for Power Generation
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30 ● basic features: characterist
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32 The natural factors which affect
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34 Figure 5 Francis Turbine Source:
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36 ● Costs Investment costs for S
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Installation costs [€/kW] 10000 8
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Electricity generation cost in USD
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● Market Installed capacity [MW]
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44 Nevertheless, hydropower project
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Worldwide hydro production [TWh/yr]
Page 50 and 51: 48 Table 5 Key Factors for SHP Pote
Page 52 and 53: 50 Materials Low-cost materials lik
Page 55 and 56: SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER A Brief Hi
Page 57 and 58: to the alternating current (AC) req
Page 59 and 60: from USD 10 to 18 per W. Off-grid s
Page 61 and 62: companies like Sharp, Kyocera and S
Page 63 and 64: sells customised module manufacturi
Page 65 and 66: germane, and toxic metals like cadm
Page 67 and 68: Efficiency [%] 20 15 10 5 0 R&D is
Page 69 and 70: Generation costs in €/kWh 1.1 1 0
Page 71 and 72: This is seen most often in Japan, a
Page 73 and 74: System DC/AC unit costs (individual
Page 75 and 76: issue as production levels increase
Page 77: chemistry. Such developments - ulti
Page 80 and 81: 78 delivered to the receiver. The r
Page 82 and 83: 80 ● Thermal Storage Like hybridi
Page 84 and 85: Electricity generation cost USD cen
Page 86 and 87: 84 An example of a CSP industry is
Page 88 and 89: 86 If CSP plants are hybridised wit
Page 90 and 91: 88 reduces the capital cost by 12-1
Page 92 and 93: 90 innovations have influenced all
Page 94 and 95: 92 receiver technology is entering
Page 96 and 97: 94 energy storage) and higher solar
Page 98 and 99: 96 but solar-field maintenance cost
Page 102 and 103: 100 Global Renewable Energy Resourc
Page 105 and 106: BIOPOWER A Brief History of Biopowe
Page 107 and 108: transport, emissions, etc.) of fast
Page 109 and 110: 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Figure 38 T
Page 111 and 112: ● Swedish forestry harvesting sys
Page 113 and 114: Gross electricty generation in GWh
Page 115 and 116: Specific investement costs in € p
Page 117 and 118: Table 30 Generation Costs for 2-MW
Page 119 and 120: €/MWh 16 12 8 4 0 for reductions
Page 121 and 122: coal at the inlet to the mill, b) f
Page 123 and 124: Table 33 Cost Reduction Opportuniti
Page 125 and 126: GEOTHERMAL POWER A Brief History of
Page 127 and 128: eached relatively shallow depths (5
Page 129 and 130: Capital cost in 1993 USD per kW 300
Page 131 and 132: An example of a large scale power p
Page 133 and 134: ● Industry The international geot
Page 135 and 136: Cumulative global geothermal power
Page 137 and 138: Wastewater: Discharge of wastewater
Page 139 and 140: The following are areas where R&D c
Page 141 and 142: ● Market Opportunities Market Pot
Page 143 and 144: the simplest form of local distribu
Page 145 and 146: Based on country update papers for
Page 147: Power Generation Technology Combine
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148 Commercial and technological de
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150 Table 45 Average Investment Cos
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152 Generation Costs Generating cap
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154 Table 47 Top Ten Suppliers, 200
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156 Table 49 Installed Capacity (in
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158 On the positive side, no direct
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DKK (1999)/kWh/Year Productivity 3
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Productivity in kWh per m 2 per yea
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164 before the intermittent nature
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166 The 2 to 3 MW power class will
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168 Grid Integration and Intermitte
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170 Internationally accepted requir
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172 EPRI: Electrical Power Research
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SOURCES AND FURTHER READING Chapter
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European Commission (1997), Energy
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Sellers, R. (1996), PV Diffusion Re
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Morse, F. H. (2000), The Commercial
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Veringa, H. (2001), Biomass Paper,
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CADDET (2001), Renewable Energy New
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WEBSITES Australian Greenhouse offi
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RETScreen International: http://www
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