Technology Status - NET Nowak Energie & Technologie AG

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Net generating capacity in MW 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 110 2.6 GW for non-specified renewables and wastes. From these figures provided by IEA’s World Energy Outlook 2002, it can be assumed that worldwide biopower capacity is around 37 GW. Electricity generation from solid biomass has been steadily increasing in the European Union over the course of the last decade with growth averaging 2.5% per year (see Figure 40). The market in the European Union has become particularly dynamic (see Figure 42). Figure 40 Net Generating Capacity in MW for Three OECD Areas and Four Products, 2000 Municipal waste OECD North America OECD North America Solid biomass Source: IEA, Renewables Information 2002. Table 28 Products OECD Pacific OECD Pacific Primary Energy Sources in Finland, 2001 Gas from biomass OECD Europe OECD Europe Non-specified Source % primary energy % primary energy share share for electricity production Solid wood 9.7% 4.5% Peat 6.2% 6.8% Black liquors 9.8% 6.1% Total biomass 25.7% 17.4% Source: Helynen S., VTT, Finnish Wood Energy <strong>Technology</strong> Programme. BIOPOWER X5
Gross electricty generation in GWh Net generating capacity in MWp 60000 40000 20000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 0 Figure 41 Gross Electricity Generation in GWh for Three Products in OECD Countries, 2000 5 Municipal Waste Solid Biomass Gas from Biomass Electrical output from power plants Electrical output from CHP plants Source: IEA Renewables Information 2002. Figure 42 Development of Net Generating Capacity in MW in the European Union 1990 1995 Year 2000 Municipal waste Solid biomass Gas from biomass Non-specified Source: IEA, Renewables Information 2002. BIOPOWER 111
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY RENEWAB
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY 9, rue
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication d
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8 Prospects for Wind Power 158 Issu
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10 4. Turbine Efficiency Over Time
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Renewables are th
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Technology and Technological Develo
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Table 1 Focal Points for Policy Int
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Table 2 Ranges of Investment and Ge
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Table 3 Current and Forecast Instal
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generation. Better power quality re
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per kWh from plants with proven con
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28 Renewables for Power Generation
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30 ● basic features: characterist
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32 The natural factors which affect
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34 Figure 5 Francis Turbine Source:
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36 ● Costs Investment costs for S
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Installation costs [€/kW] 10000 8
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Electricity generation cost in USD
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● Market Installed capacity [MW]
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44 Nevertheless, hydropower project
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Worldwide hydro production [TWh/yr]
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48 Table 5 Key Factors for SHP Pote
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50 Materials Low-cost materials lik
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SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER A Brief Hi
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to the alternating current (AC) req
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from USD 10 to 18 per W. Off-grid s
Page 61 and 62: companies like Sharp, Kyocera and S
Page 63 and 64: sells customised module manufacturi
Page 65 and 66: germane, and toxic metals like cadm
Page 67 and 68: Efficiency [%] 20 15 10 5 0 R&D is
Page 69 and 70: Generation costs in €/kWh 1.1 1 0
Page 71 and 72: This is seen most often in Japan, a
Page 73 and 74: System DC/AC unit costs (individual
Page 75 and 76: issue as production levels increase
Page 77: chemistry. Such developments - ulti
Page 80 and 81: 78 delivered to the receiver. The r
Page 82 and 83: 80 ● Thermal Storage Like hybridi
Page 84 and 85: Electricity generation cost USD cen
Page 86 and 87: 84 An example of a CSP industry is
Page 88 and 89: 86 If CSP plants are hybridised wit
Page 90 and 91: 88 reduces the capital cost by 12-1
Page 92 and 93: 90 innovations have influenced all
Page 94 and 95: 92 receiver technology is entering
Page 96 and 97: 94 energy storage) and higher solar
Page 98 and 99: 96 but solar-field maintenance cost
Page 100 and 101: 98 Further cost reductions will be
Page 102 and 103: 100 Global Renewable Energy Resourc
Page 105 and 106: BIOPOWER A Brief History of Biopowe
Page 107 and 108: transport, emissions, etc.) of fast
Page 109 and 110: 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Figure 38 T
Page 111: ● Swedish forestry harvesting sys
Page 115 and 116: Specific investement costs in € p
Page 117 and 118: Table 30 Generation Costs for 2-MW
Page 119 and 120: €/MWh 16 12 8 4 0 for reductions
Page 121 and 122: coal at the inlet to the mill, b) f
Page 123 and 124: Table 33 Cost Reduction Opportuniti
Page 125 and 126: GEOTHERMAL POWER A Brief History of
Page 127 and 128: eached relatively shallow depths (5
Page 129 and 130: Capital cost in 1993 USD per kW 300
Page 131 and 132: An example of a large scale power p
Page 133 and 134: ● Industry The international geot
Page 135 and 136: Cumulative global geothermal power
Page 137 and 138: Wastewater: Discharge of wastewater
Page 139 and 140: The following are areas where R&D c
Page 141 and 142: ● Market Opportunities Market Pot
Page 143 and 144: the simplest form of local distribu
Page 145 and 146: Based on country update papers for
Page 147: Power Generation Technology Combine
Page 150 and 151: 148 Commercial and technological de
Page 152 and 153: 150 Table 45 Average Investment Cos
Page 154 and 155: 152 Generation Costs Generating cap
Page 156 and 157: 154 Table 47 Top Ten Suppliers, 200
Page 158 and 159: 156 Table 49 Installed Capacity (in
Page 160 and 161: 158 On the positive side, no direct
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DKK (1999)/kWh/Year Productivity 3
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Productivity in kWh per m 2 per yea
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164 before the intermittent nature
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166 The 2 to 3 MW power class will
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168 Grid Integration and Intermitte
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170 Internationally accepted requir
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172 EPRI: Electrical Power Research
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SOURCES AND FURTHER READING Chapter
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European Commission (1997), Energy
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Sellers, R. (1996), PV Diffusion Re
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Morse, F. H. (2000), The Commercial
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Veringa, H. (2001), Biomass Paper,
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CADDET (2001), Renewable Energy New
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WEBSITES Australian Greenhouse offi
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RETScreen International: http://www
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