Technology Status - NET Nowak Energie & Technologie AG

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Installation costs [€/kW] 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 38 Low-head hydropower sites are more common and are frequently found closer to population centres. Investment costs tend to be higher compared to high-head plants, as more water flow is required for a given amount of power, necessitating additional equipment. Besides geographical characteristics (height of the water drop, site accessibility, hydrology, meteorology) and their impact on the height of head, the size of the plant is an important cost factor. Turbine installation costs grow exponentially as turbine power size decreases (see Figure 11). This inverse relationship between size and cost explains why SHP installation costs grow exponentially inversely to the plant size, as shown in Figure 12. The turbine size depends primarily on the flow of water it has to accommodate. Figure 11 Specific Installation Costs Related to Capacity Size for Supplemental Plants Combined with Drinking Water Supply Systems in Switzerland. 0 50 100 150 200 250 Source: DIANE 10 Study, Hintermann M. (1994) Investment costs differ greatly, even within geographical areas and countries, for technical and non-technical reasons. Figure 13 gives a sampling of some countries in Europe. Generation Costs Installed power [kW] The wide range of investment costs for SHP plants affects electricity generation costs (see Figure 14). Furthermore, electricity unit costs depend greatly on annual production hours (availability), which vary according to SMALL HYDROPOWER X2
Costs [€/kW] Investment costs [€/kW] 2000 1500 1000 500 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 local hydrological and meteorological conditions. This explains why electricity costs tend to be lower for low-head and supplemental SHP plants. Although high-head SHP plants tend to produce more expensive electricity, its value can be higher as these plants often have greater storage capacity and can inject power in periods of higher demand, charging higher tariffs. Figure 12 Average SHP Related to Capacity Installed Costs for Turbines from the Most Important European Manufacturers 0 500 1000 Power [kW] 1500 2000 0 Source: EurObserv’ER, Hydroelectricity barometer - Energy in rushing water, 1999. Figure 13 Lowest and Highest Investment Costs for New SHP Plants in Selected European Countries, 1999 Austria Lowest cost Highest cost Sources: <strong>NET</strong> Ltd., Switzerland; raw data from the Blue<strong>AG</strong>E ESHA study, Lorenzoni et al. (2000). 2 Switzerland Alpine region Slovenia Italy 10000 Portugal Mediterrenean region SMALL HYDROPOWER Central Western Europe Spain Montenegro Greece France Belgium Germany Finland Scandinavian region Sweden Great Britain Norway Iceland UK Ireland Czech Republic Hungary Latvia Eastern Europe Lithuania Poland Slovakia Europe 39 EU 15
Page 1: INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY RENEWAB
Page 4 and 5: INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY 9, rue
Page 7: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication d
Page 10 and 11: 8 Prospects for Wind Power 158 Issu
Page 12 and 13: 10 4. Turbine Efficiency Over Time
Page 15 and 16: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Renewables are th
Page 17 and 18: Technology and Technological Develo
Page 19 and 20: Table 1 Focal Points for Policy Int
Page 21 and 22: Table 2 Ranges of Investment and Ge
Page 23 and 24: Table 3 Current and Forecast Instal
Page 25 and 26: generation. Better power quality re
Page 27: per kWh from plants with proven con
Page 30 and 31: 28 Renewables for Power Generation
Page 32 and 33: 30 ● basic features: characterist
Page 34 and 35: 32 The natural factors which affect
Page 36 and 37: 34 Figure 5 Francis Turbine Source:
Page 38 and 39: 36 ● Costs Investment costs for S
Page 42 and 43: Electricity generation cost in USD
Page 44 and 45: ● Market Installed capacity [MW]
Page 46 and 47: 44 Nevertheless, hydropower project
Page 48 and 49: Worldwide hydro production [TWh/yr]
Page 50 and 51: 48 Table 5 Key Factors for SHP Pote
Page 52 and 53: 50 Materials Low-cost materials lik
Page 55 and 56: SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER A Brief Hi
Page 57 and 58: to the alternating current (AC) req
Page 59 and 60: from USD 10 to 18 per W. Off-grid s
Page 61 and 62: companies like Sharp, Kyocera and S
Page 63 and 64: sells customised module manufacturi
Page 65 and 66: germane, and toxic metals like cadm
Page 67 and 68: Efficiency [%] 20 15 10 5 0 R&D is
Page 69 and 70: Generation costs in €/kWh 1.1 1 0
Page 71 and 72: This is seen most often in Japan, a
Page 73 and 74: System DC/AC unit costs (individual
Page 75 and 76: issue as production levels increase
Page 77: chemistry. Such developments - ulti
Page 80 and 81: 78 delivered to the receiver. The r
Page 82 and 83: 80 ● Thermal Storage Like hybridi
Page 84 and 85: Electricity generation cost USD cen
Page 86 and 87: 84 An example of a CSP industry is
Page 88 and 89: 86 If CSP plants are hybridised wit
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88 reduces the capital cost by 12-1
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90 innovations have influenced all
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92 receiver technology is entering
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94 energy storage) and higher solar
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96 but solar-field maintenance cost
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98 Further cost reductions will be
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100 Global Renewable Energy Resourc
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BIOPOWER A Brief History of Biopowe
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transport, emissions, etc.) of fast
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Figure 38 T
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● Swedish forestry harvesting sys
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Gross electricty generation in GWh
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Specific investement costs in € p
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Table 30 Generation Costs for 2-MW
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€/MWh 16 12 8 4 0 for reductions
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coal at the inlet to the mill, b) f
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Table 33 Cost Reduction Opportuniti
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GEOTHERMAL POWER A Brief History of
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eached relatively shallow depths (5
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Capital cost in 1993 USD per kW 300
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An example of a large scale power p
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● Industry The international geot
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Cumulative global geothermal power
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Wastewater: Discharge of wastewater
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The following are areas where R&D c
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● Market Opportunities Market Pot
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the simplest form of local distribu
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Based on country update papers for
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Power Generation Technology Combine
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148 Commercial and technological de
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150 Table 45 Average Investment Cos
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152 Generation Costs Generating cap
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154 Table 47 Top Ten Suppliers, 200
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156 Table 49 Installed Capacity (in
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158 On the positive side, no direct
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DKK (1999)/kWh/Year Productivity 3
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Productivity in kWh per m 2 per yea
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164 before the intermittent nature
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166 The 2 to 3 MW power class will
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168 Grid Integration and Intermitte
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170 Internationally accepted requir
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172 EPRI: Electrical Power Research
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SOURCES AND FURTHER READING Chapter
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European Commission (1997), Energy
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Sellers, R. (1996), PV Diffusion Re
Page 183 and 184:
Morse, F. H. (2000), The Commercial
Page 185 and 186:
Veringa, H. (2001), Biomass Paper,
Page 187 and 188:
CADDET (2001), Renewable Energy New
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WEBSITES Australian Greenhouse offi
Page 191:
RETScreen International: http://www
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