Technology Status - NET Nowak Energie & Technologie AG

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24 low as 3 USD cents per kWh. Once the high up-front capital costs are written off (usually over 15 or 20 years), the plant can provide power at even lower cost levels as such systems commonly run, without major replacement costs, for 50 years or more. SHP plants have a particularly long life time and relatively low operation and maintenance costs, though many plants constructed in the last century can now benefit from refurbishment. Support to exploit SHP should be given to developing countries where it can be a very low cost option. ● Solar photovoltaic power is in the early stages of its development, but can still be competitive in isolated off-grid markets and limited areas where high levels of sunshine coincide with daily (peak) power demand. For the latter market, solar PV power costs are in the range of retail utility rates of about 20 USD cents per kWh. In such circumstances, e.g., California, photovoltaics has become competitive with retail electricity, at least as stand-by power and in “building-integrated applications” (BIPV). In the sunnier locations of Europe, the attractiveness of solar PV in the short to medium term continues to depend on incentives. In Japan, a system cost level of USD 3,000 could be reached in the next four to six years, a “docking point” (competitive with retail electricity) to selfsustained markets. Of particular interest in Japan are building-integrated solar systems – installed at the point of electricity consumption with panels that are easy to install. The other key market for solar PV is the offgrid market for rural areas, including industrial and agricultural uses in developed countries, and rural systems in developing countries. The challenge of delivering affordable energy in developing countries is immense. In these circumstances the primary focus should be on “productive uses” for such income-generating activities as water pumping, refrigeration, lighting and other uses that improve the economic welfare of rural communities. ● Concentrating solar power is limited in its competitive market potential to arid and semi-arid areas with strong “direct gain” solar radiation. The cost of concentrating solar power generated with up-to-date technology is estimated to be between 10 to 15 USD cents per kWh, with good longterm cost reduction potential. CSP plants can also be “hybridised” in combination with a thermal generator to improve marketability (solar share of power plant) and dispatch-ability (power production on demand). ● Where bio-feedstocks are abundant and their pre-treatment requirements are modest, biopower costs can be as low as 3 USD cents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY X
per kWh from plants with proven conversion technologies and approaches (e.g. co-firing in the US or CHP in Finland). For example, bioelectricity is widely commercial in Finland where feedstocks from large woodland areas and the pulp and paper industry make bioelectricity production competitive and accounted for 17.4% of electricity production in 2001. ● Geothermal power can achieve its best cost-competitiveness in areas characterised by high enthalpy (an indicator for the geothermal power potential), low exploration and installation costs; and using proven geothermal technologies. New plants in many areas in the world can produce power at 5 USD cents per kWh or less. Additional revenues from heat or minerals extracted from the subterranean brine can enhance competitiveness. ● Wind power generation costs are already below 4 USD cents in many areas with strong, regular winds and good accessibility for plant construction and grid connection. The key to opening new high performance sites, such as in Scotland and the US is installing new transmission lines. As good onshore sites, particularly in Europe, have been saturated, new projects have prompted public challenge due to the concerns of some to having the wind machines in sight (NIMBY). Finding acceptable locations therefore poses an increasing challenge. Offshore wind parks are now being developed, although some of these, too, have prompted NIMBY challenge. The technology to mount and connect offshore wind remains in its infancy. Wind power’s mid term success will depend on (a) broadening the number of countries investing in wind power markets beyond Germany, Denmark, Spain and the US, (b) cost reduction of offshore wind and (c) establishing management and technology solutions to intermittency. It is important to emphasise again the positive impact of market experience on technology development. Often, concepts and prototypes had existed for years (e.g., large wind turbines) but the lack of market experience prevented their successful deployment. Learning investments provided in the context of growing markets helped these early prototypes become competitive products. Identifying and realising those market opportunities where renewables are closest to competitiveness is of paramount importance to trigger learning improvements. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 25
Page 1: INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY RENEWAB
Page 4 and 5: INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY 9, rue
Page 7: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication d
Page 10 and 11: 8 Prospects for Wind Power 158 Issu
Page 12 and 13: 10 4. Turbine Efficiency Over Time
Page 15 and 16: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Renewables are th
Page 17 and 18: Technology and Technological Develo
Page 19 and 20: Table 1 Focal Points for Policy Int
Page 21 and 22: Table 2 Ranges of Investment and Ge
Page 23 and 24: Table 3 Current and Forecast Instal
Page 25: generation. Better power quality re
Page 30 and 31: 28 Renewables for Power Generation
Page 32 and 33: 30 ● basic features: characterist
Page 34 and 35: 32 The natural factors which affect
Page 36 and 37: 34 Figure 5 Francis Turbine Source:
Page 38 and 39: 36 ● Costs Investment costs for S
Page 40 and 41: Installation costs [€/kW] 10000 8
Page 42 and 43: Electricity generation cost in USD
Page 44 and 45: ● Market Installed capacity [MW]
Page 46 and 47: 44 Nevertheless, hydropower project
Page 48 and 49: Worldwide hydro production [TWh/yr]
Page 50 and 51: 48 Table 5 Key Factors for SHP Pote
Page 52 and 53: 50 Materials Low-cost materials lik
Page 55 and 56: SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER A Brief Hi
Page 57 and 58: to the alternating current (AC) req
Page 59 and 60: from USD 10 to 18 per W. Off-grid s
Page 61 and 62: companies like Sharp, Kyocera and S
Page 63 and 64: sells customised module manufacturi
Page 65 and 66: germane, and toxic metals like cadm
Page 67 and 68: Efficiency [%] 20 15 10 5 0 R&D is
Page 69 and 70: Generation costs in €/kWh 1.1 1 0
Page 71 and 72: This is seen most often in Japan, a
Page 73 and 74: System DC/AC unit costs (individual
Page 75 and 76: issue as production levels increase
Page 77:
chemistry. Such developments - ulti
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78 delivered to the receiver. The r
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80 ● Thermal Storage Like hybridi
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Electricity generation cost USD cen
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84 An example of a CSP industry is
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86 If CSP plants are hybridised wit
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88 reduces the capital cost by 12-1
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90 innovations have influenced all
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92 receiver technology is entering
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94 energy storage) and higher solar
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96 but solar-field maintenance cost
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98 Further cost reductions will be
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100 Global Renewable Energy Resourc
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BIOPOWER A Brief History of Biopowe
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transport, emissions, etc.) of fast
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Figure 38 T
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● Swedish forestry harvesting sys
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Gross electricty generation in GWh
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Specific investement costs in € p
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Table 30 Generation Costs for 2-MW
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€/MWh 16 12 8 4 0 for reductions
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coal at the inlet to the mill, b) f
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Table 33 Cost Reduction Opportuniti
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GEOTHERMAL POWER A Brief History of
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eached relatively shallow depths (5
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Capital cost in 1993 USD per kW 300
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An example of a large scale power p
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● Industry The international geot
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Cumulative global geothermal power
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Wastewater: Discharge of wastewater
Page 139 and 140:
The following are areas where R&D c
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● Market Opportunities Market Pot
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the simplest form of local distribu
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Based on country update papers for
Page 147:
Power Generation Technology Combine
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148 Commercial and technological de
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150 Table 45 Average Investment Cos
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152 Generation Costs Generating cap
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154 Table 47 Top Ten Suppliers, 200
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156 Table 49 Installed Capacity (in
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158 On the positive side, no direct
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DKK (1999)/kWh/Year Productivity 3
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Productivity in kWh per m 2 per yea
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164 before the intermittent nature
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166 The 2 to 3 MW power class will
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168 Grid Integration and Intermitte
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170 Internationally accepted requir
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172 EPRI: Electrical Power Research
Page 177 and 178:
SOURCES AND FURTHER READING Chapter
Page 179 and 180:
European Commission (1997), Energy
Page 181 and 182:
Sellers, R. (1996), PV Diffusion Re
Page 183 and 184:
Morse, F. H. (2000), The Commercial
Page 185 and 186:
Veringa, H. (2001), Biomass Paper,
Page 187 and 188:
CADDET (2001), Renewable Energy New
Page 189 and 190:
WEBSITES Australian Greenhouse offi
Page 191:
RETScreen International: http://www
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Technology Status - NET Nowak Energie & Technologie AG

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