Technology Status - NET Nowak Energie & Technologie AG

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184 Lund, J.W. (1999), Small Geothermal Power Project Examples, Klamath Falls: ORMAT. Lund, J.W. (2000), World Status of Geothermal Energy Use - Overview 1995 - 1999, Klamath Falls: Geo-Heat Center, Oregon Institute of Technology. Lund, J.W. (forthcoming), The USA Country Update. Lunis, B. and Breckenridge, R. (1991), "Environmental considerations", Lienau, P.J. and Lunis, B.C.,eds., in Geothermal Direct Use, Engineering and Design Guidebook, Klamath Falls, Oregon: Geo-Heat Center. McClain, D. (2000), Unique Aspects of Geothermal Project Management, IGA Short Course at WGC2000, Japan. Nicholson, K. (1993), Geothermal Fluids, Berlin: Springer Verlag. Rafferty, K. (2000), Geothermal Power Generation - A Primer on Low- Temperature Small-Scale Applications, Klamath Falls: Geo-Heat Center, January 2000. Rybach, L., Megel, T. and Eugster, W. J. (1999), "How Renewable are Geothermal Resources?", Geothermal Resources Council Transactions, Vol. 23, October 17-20, 1999. Vimmerstedt, L. (1998), Opportunities for Small Geothermal Projects: Rural Power for Latin America, the Caribbean, and the Philippines, NREL/TP-210-25107, Golden: National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Voogt M.H., et al. (2001), Renewable Energy Burden Sharing (REBUS) - Effects of Burden Sharing and Certificate Trade on the Renewable Electricity Market in Europe, Amsterdam: ECN. Chapter 7 – Wind Power Ackermann, T. et al. (2000), "Wind Energy Technology and Current Status: A Review", Renewable & Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 4, 2000. Beurskens, H. J. M. (ECN), Andersen, P. (Risø), Petersen, E.L. (Risø), Garrad, A. (Garrad & Hassan), (1996), Wind Energ, Eurosun Conference. Freiburg, 16–19 September 1996. BWE Bundesverband Windenergie, "Windenergie", Osnabrück, Editions from 1991 to 2002. SOURCES AND FURTHER READING X
CADDET (2001), Renewable Energy Newsletter, March 2001. Dannemand, P. (2003), Sources of Experience in Wind Energy Technology, Paper presented at the IEA workshop "Experience Curves: A Tool for Energy Policy Analysis and Design", Paris, January 2003. DEA Danish Energy Agency (1999), Wind Power in Denmark: Technologies, Policies and Results, September 1999. DRKW Dresdner Kleinwort Wasserstein (2001), Power Generation in the 21 st Century, Part II: Renewables Gaining Ground, 18 January 2001, Frankfurt: DRKW. Durstewitz, M. (1999), Wind Energy Experience Curve from the German "250 MW Wind" Programme, Stuttgart: ISET, May 1999. Durstewitz, M. (2003), Experience Curves for Wind and Observed Cost Reductions, Paper presented at the IEA workshop "Experience Curves: A Tool for Energy Policy Analysis and Design", Paris, January 2003. Energistirelsen; Miljø- og Energiministeriet (1998), Wind Power in Denmark: Technology. Policies and Results, Risø, November 1998. EUREC Agency / Beurskens, J. and Jensen, P. H. (2002), EUREC Strategy Paper, Brussels: EUREC Agency. European Commission (2002), "Scientific and Technological References - Energy Technology Indicators" - Sector: Wind Energy Technologies, version 14, November 2002. EWEA (2000), Forum for Energy and Development, Greenpeace International; Wind Force Ten: A blueprint to achieve 10% of the world’s electricity from wind power by 2020, ISBN 1-871532 248, Edition 2000. EWEA and Greenpeace (2002), Wind Force 12, A Blueprint to Achieve 12% of the World’s Electricity from Wind Power by 2020, Brussels and Amsterdam. Garrad, H. and Germanischer, L. (1995), Study of the Offshore Wind Energy in the EC, JOULE I Project, Brekendorf; Verlag Natürliche Energie. Greenpeace and Deutsches Windenergie Institut (2000), North Sea Offshore Wind – A Power House for Europe, October 2000. Hagg, F. et al. (1993), The Results of the Dutch FLEXHAT Programme: The Technology for the Next Generation of Wind Turbines, AWEA windpower '93 wind energy conference, San Francisco, July 12-16, 1993. SOURCES AND FURTHER READING 185
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY RENEWAB
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY 9, rue
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication d
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8 Prospects for Wind Power 158 Issu
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10 4. Turbine Efficiency Over Time
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Renewables are th
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Technology and Technological Develo
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Table 1 Focal Points for Policy Int
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Table 2 Ranges of Investment and Ge
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Table 3 Current and Forecast Instal
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generation. Better power quality re
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per kWh from plants with proven con
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28 Renewables for Power Generation
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30 ● basic features: characterist
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32 The natural factors which affect
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34 Figure 5 Francis Turbine Source:
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36 ● Costs Investment costs for S
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Installation costs [€/kW] 10000 8
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Electricity generation cost in USD
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● Market Installed capacity [MW]
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44 Nevertheless, hydropower project
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Worldwide hydro production [TWh/yr]
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48 Table 5 Key Factors for SHP Pote
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50 Materials Low-cost materials lik
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SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER A Brief Hi
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to the alternating current (AC) req
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from USD 10 to 18 per W. Off-grid s
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companies like Sharp, Kyocera and S
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sells customised module manufacturi
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germane, and toxic metals like cadm
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Efficiency [%] 20 15 10 5 0 R&D is
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Generation costs in €/kWh 1.1 1 0
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This is seen most often in Japan, a
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System DC/AC unit costs (individual
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issue as production levels increase
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chemistry. Such developments - ulti
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78 delivered to the receiver. The r
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80 ● Thermal Storage Like hybridi
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Electricity generation cost USD cen
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84 An example of a CSP industry is
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86 If CSP plants are hybridised wit
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88 reduces the capital cost by 12-1
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90 innovations have influenced all
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92 receiver technology is entering
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94 energy storage) and higher solar
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96 but solar-field maintenance cost
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98 Further cost reductions will be
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100 Global Renewable Energy Resourc
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BIOPOWER A Brief History of Biopowe
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transport, emissions, etc.) of fast
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Figure 38 T
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● Swedish forestry harvesting sys
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Gross electricty generation in GWh
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Specific investement costs in € p
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Table 30 Generation Costs for 2-MW
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€/MWh 16 12 8 4 0 for reductions
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coal at the inlet to the mill, b) f
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Table 33 Cost Reduction Opportuniti
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GEOTHERMAL POWER A Brief History of
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eached relatively shallow depths (5
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Capital cost in 1993 USD per kW 300
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An example of a large scale power p
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● Industry The international geot
Page 135 and 136: Cumulative global geothermal power
Page 137 and 138: Wastewater: Discharge of wastewater
Page 139 and 140: The following are areas where R&D c
Page 141 and 142: ● Market Opportunities Market Pot
Page 143 and 144: the simplest form of local distribu
Page 145 and 146: Based on country update papers for
Page 147: Power Generation Technology Combine
Page 150 and 151: 148 Commercial and technological de
Page 152 and 153: 150 Table 45 Average Investment Cos
Page 154 and 155: 152 Generation Costs Generating cap
Page 156 and 157: 154 Table 47 Top Ten Suppliers, 200
Page 158 and 159: 156 Table 49 Installed Capacity (in
Page 160 and 161: 158 On the positive side, no direct
Page 162 and 163: DKK (1999)/kWh/Year Productivity 3
Page 164 and 165: Productivity in kWh per m 2 per yea
Page 166 and 167: 164 before the intermittent nature
Page 168 and 169: 166 The 2 to 3 MW power class will
Page 170 and 171: 168 Grid Integration and Intermitte
Page 172 and 173: 170 Internationally accepted requir
Page 174 and 175: 172 EPRI: Electrical Power Research
Page 177 and 178: SOURCES AND FURTHER READING Chapter
Page 179 and 180: European Commission (1997), Energy
Page 181 and 182: Sellers, R. (1996), PV Diffusion Re
Page 183 and 184: Morse, F. H. (2000), The Commercial
Page 185: Veringa, H. (2001), Biomass Paper,
Page 189 and 190: WEBSITES Australian Greenhouse offi
Page 191: RETScreen International: http://www
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