Technology Status - NET Nowak Energie & Technologie AG

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PV module shipments in MWp 550 500 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Efficiency rate (%) 64 Figure 22 Annual World PV Module Production (columns) and Building-integrated PV System Costs (dots), 1983-2002 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Year MWp shipped per annum BiPV system cost in EUR per kWp Sources: <strong>NET</strong> Ltd., Switzerland; PV News, February 2002. Figure 23 Evolution of Cell Efficiency 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 Year 1985 Sources: IEA-PVPS Task 7 (2003), “Education and Training Material for Architects”, Utrecht. 1990 1995 2000 2005 27500 25000 22500 20000 17500 15000 12500 10000 7500 5000 2500 0 wafer-based c-Si cells thin-film CIGS cells thin-film CdTe cells BIPV system costs in € per kWp thin-film a-Si cells (stable) wafer-based c-Si modules thin-film GIGS modules thin-film a-Si modules (stable) SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER X3
Efficiency [%] 20 15 10 5 0 R&D is especially important for new cell technologies to enter the manufacturing sector and markets. There are a number of PV cell technologies, each of which offers unique characteristics. New cell technologies evolve through R&D but also require manufacturing experience to become commercial. Because PV cell manufacturing requires large investments, market and manufacturing volume is very important. Figure 24 A Conceptual Road Map for Photovoltaic Cell <strong>Technology</strong> today and tomorrow The MUSIC FM project concluded that up-scaling the manufacturing plant to 500 MW would result in module costs below € 1 1995 per W for multicrystalline silicon. In theory, manufacturing costs for different thin-film technologies would be around € 0.7 1995 per W at a scale of 60 MW. A recent study by Arthur D. Little indicated that cost reductions close to 50% are possible for most technologies in the period from 2000 to 2010, bringing manufacturing costs down to USD 0.95 to 1.40 per W. Major contributions come from: ● up-scaling from 10 MW to 100 MW, allowing cost reductions due to volume purchase, balanced line, larger equipment and higher throughput; 3 crystalline silicon (incl. EFG, RGS) thin-film technologies a-Si CIS, CdTe Si-film Dye cells, plastic cells new concepts mid-term Source: Hoffmann W., RWE Schott Solar GmbH. SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER thin-film technologies Cz and mc crystalline silicon Dye cells, plastic cells new concepts EFG silicon-ribbon RGS today and long-term mid-term long-term tomorrow 1.0 0.5 0 65 Cost [relative]
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY RENEWAB
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY 9, rue
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication d
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8 Prospects for Wind Power 158 Issu
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10 4. Turbine Efficiency Over Time
Page 15 and 16: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Renewables are th
Page 17 and 18: Technology and Technological Develo
Page 19 and 20: Table 1 Focal Points for Policy Int
Page 21 and 22: Table 2 Ranges of Investment and Ge
Page 23 and 24: Table 3 Current and Forecast Instal
Page 25 and 26: generation. Better power quality re
Page 27: per kWh from plants with proven con
Page 30 and 31: 28 Renewables for Power Generation
Page 32 and 33: 30 ● basic features: characterist
Page 34 and 35: 32 The natural factors which affect
Page 36 and 37: 34 Figure 5 Francis Turbine Source:
Page 38 and 39: 36 ● Costs Investment costs for S
Page 40 and 41: Installation costs [€/kW] 10000 8
Page 42 and 43: Electricity generation cost in USD
Page 44 and 45: ● Market Installed capacity [MW]
Page 46 and 47: 44 Nevertheless, hydropower project
Page 48 and 49: Worldwide hydro production [TWh/yr]
Page 50 and 51: 48 Table 5 Key Factors for SHP Pote
Page 52 and 53: 50 Materials Low-cost materials lik
Page 55 and 56: SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER A Brief Hi
Page 57 and 58: to the alternating current (AC) req
Page 59 and 60: from USD 10 to 18 per W. Off-grid s
Page 61 and 62: companies like Sharp, Kyocera and S
Page 63 and 64: sells customised module manufacturi
Page 65: germane, and toxic metals like cadm
Page 69 and 70: Generation costs in €/kWh 1.1 1 0
Page 71 and 72: This is seen most often in Japan, a
Page 73 and 74: System DC/AC unit costs (individual
Page 75 and 76: issue as production levels increase
Page 77: chemistry. Such developments - ulti
Page 80 and 81: 78 delivered to the receiver. The r
Page 82 and 83: 80 ● Thermal Storage Like hybridi
Page 84 and 85: Electricity generation cost USD cen
Page 86 and 87: 84 An example of a CSP industry is
Page 88 and 89: 86 If CSP plants are hybridised wit
Page 90 and 91: 88 reduces the capital cost by 12-1
Page 92 and 93: 90 innovations have influenced all
Page 94 and 95: 92 receiver technology is entering
Page 96 and 97: 94 energy storage) and higher solar
Page 98 and 99: 96 but solar-field maintenance cost
Page 100 and 101: 98 Further cost reductions will be
Page 102 and 103: 100 Global Renewable Energy Resourc
Page 105 and 106: BIOPOWER A Brief History of Biopowe
Page 107 and 108: transport, emissions, etc.) of fast
Page 109 and 110: 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Figure 38 T
Page 111 and 112: ● Swedish forestry harvesting sys
Page 113 and 114: Gross electricty generation in GWh
Page 115 and 116: Specific investement costs in € p
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Table 30 Generation Costs for 2-MW
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€/MWh 16 12 8 4 0 for reductions
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coal at the inlet to the mill, b) f
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Table 33 Cost Reduction Opportuniti
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GEOTHERMAL POWER A Brief History of
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eached relatively shallow depths (5
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Capital cost in 1993 USD per kW 300
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An example of a large scale power p
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● Industry The international geot
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Cumulative global geothermal power
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Wastewater: Discharge of wastewater
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The following are areas where R&D c
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● Market Opportunities Market Pot
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the simplest form of local distribu
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Based on country update papers for
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Power Generation Technology Combine
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148 Commercial and technological de
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150 Table 45 Average Investment Cos
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152 Generation Costs Generating cap
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154 Table 47 Top Ten Suppliers, 200
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156 Table 49 Installed Capacity (in
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158 On the positive side, no direct
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DKK (1999)/kWh/Year Productivity 3
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Productivity in kWh per m 2 per yea
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164 before the intermittent nature
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166 The 2 to 3 MW power class will
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168 Grid Integration and Intermitte
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170 Internationally accepted requir
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172 EPRI: Electrical Power Research
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SOURCES AND FURTHER READING Chapter
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European Commission (1997), Energy
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Sellers, R. (1996), PV Diffusion Re
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Morse, F. H. (2000), The Commercial
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Veringa, H. (2001), Biomass Paper,
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CADDET (2001), Renewable Energy New
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WEBSITES Australian Greenhouse offi
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RETScreen International: http://www
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