Technology Status - NET Nowak Energie & Technologie AG

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Electricity generation cost USD cents per kWh 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 82 Table 20 CSP Thermal-Storage Characteristics and Costs, 1997 Figure 32 Installed cost of energy Lifetime of storage Round-trip storage storage for a 200-MW system efficiency plant (USD/kW heat) (Years) (%) Parabolic trough synthetic-oil 200 30 95 Power tower molten-salt Parabolic dish 30 30 99 battery storage 500 to 800 5 to 10 76 Sources: DOE. Approximate Generation Costs for Concentrating Solar Power USD 2,000 USD 3,000 USD 4,000 USD 5,000 USD 6,000 System investment per kW installed capacity 1,750 kWh per kW and year 2,000 kWh per kW and year 2,250 kWh per kW and year 2,500 kWh per kW and year Note: O&M costs are assumed to be 10 % of system investment. Amortisation period is 15 years, and the discount rate is 6%. Sources: <strong>NET</strong> Ltd., Switzerland. CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER X4
Operation and maintenance costs (10-15%) are relatively high compared to other renewable technologies. The lifetime of a CSP plant is intended to be 20 to 30 years. However, some components may have to be replaced more frequently. The remainder of the generation costs depend mostly on the solar irradiation level. Electrical output generated by CSP plants is roughly proportional to the incident light onto the active area. Hence, a CSP plant receiving 1,700 kWh of solar irradiation per year and per square metre will produce less electricity per year and per square metre than the same plant receiving 2,200 kWh of solar irradiation per year and per square metre. The best cost-competitiveness is achieved in areas where radiation levels are particularly high, i.e. more than 1,700 kWh per square metre. Many areas in the world have an arid or semi-arid climate, providing optimal conditions for CSP. The cost of concentrating solar power generated with up-to-date technology is between 10 and 15 USD cents per kWh. ● Industry The CSP industry currently includes about 25 companies that design, sell, own and/or operate energy systems and power plants based on the concentration of solar energy. CSP companies include energy utilities, independent power producers or project developers, equipment manufacturers, specialised development firms, and consultants. While some companies only offer CSP products, many offer related energy products and services (see Table 21). 4 Table 21 Participants in the CSP Industry in the US and Europe Participants USA Europe Energy utilities 3 4 Independent power producer 4 2 Project developers 4 4 Development and equipment manufacturers 15 5 Consultants 4 2 Source: <strong>NET</strong> Ltd., Switzerland. CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER 83
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY RENEWAB
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY 9, rue
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication d
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8 Prospects for Wind Power 158 Issu
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10 4. Turbine Efficiency Over Time
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Renewables are th
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Technology and Technological Develo
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Table 1 Focal Points for Policy Int
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Table 2 Ranges of Investment and Ge
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Table 3 Current and Forecast Instal
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generation. Better power quality re
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per kWh from plants with proven con
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28 Renewables for Power Generation
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30 ● basic features: characterist
Page 34 and 35: 32 The natural factors which affect
Page 36 and 37: 34 Figure 5 Francis Turbine Source:
Page 38 and 39: 36 ● Costs Investment costs for S
Page 40 and 41: Installation costs [€/kW] 10000 8
Page 42 and 43: Electricity generation cost in USD
Page 44 and 45: ● Market Installed capacity [MW]
Page 46 and 47: 44 Nevertheless, hydropower project
Page 48 and 49: Worldwide hydro production [TWh/yr]
Page 50 and 51: 48 Table 5 Key Factors for SHP Pote
Page 52 and 53: 50 Materials Low-cost materials lik
Page 55 and 56: SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER A Brief Hi
Page 57 and 58: to the alternating current (AC) req
Page 59 and 60: from USD 10 to 18 per W. Off-grid s
Page 61 and 62: companies like Sharp, Kyocera and S
Page 63 and 64: sells customised module manufacturi
Page 65 and 66: germane, and toxic metals like cadm
Page 67 and 68: Efficiency [%] 20 15 10 5 0 R&D is
Page 69 and 70: Generation costs in €/kWh 1.1 1 0
Page 71 and 72: This is seen most often in Japan, a
Page 73 and 74: System DC/AC unit costs (individual
Page 75 and 76: issue as production levels increase
Page 77: chemistry. Such developments - ulti
Page 80 and 81: 78 delivered to the receiver. The r
Page 82 and 83: 80 ● Thermal Storage Like hybridi
Page 86 and 87: 84 An example of a CSP industry is
Page 88 and 89: 86 If CSP plants are hybridised wit
Page 90 and 91: 88 reduces the capital cost by 12-1
Page 92 and 93: 90 innovations have influenced all
Page 94 and 95: 92 receiver technology is entering
Page 96 and 97: 94 energy storage) and higher solar
Page 98 and 99: 96 but solar-field maintenance cost
Page 100 and 101: 98 Further cost reductions will be
Page 102 and 103: 100 Global Renewable Energy Resourc
Page 105 and 106: BIOPOWER A Brief History of Biopowe
Page 107 and 108: transport, emissions, etc.) of fast
Page 109 and 110: 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Figure 38 T
Page 111 and 112: ● Swedish forestry harvesting sys
Page 113 and 114: Gross electricty generation in GWh
Page 115 and 116: Specific investement costs in € p
Page 117 and 118: Table 30 Generation Costs for 2-MW
Page 119 and 120: €/MWh 16 12 8 4 0 for reductions
Page 121 and 122: coal at the inlet to the mill, b) f
Page 123 and 124: Table 33 Cost Reduction Opportuniti
Page 125 and 126: GEOTHERMAL POWER A Brief History of
Page 127 and 128: eached relatively shallow depths (5
Page 129 and 130: Capital cost in 1993 USD per kW 300
Page 131 and 132: An example of a large scale power p
Page 133 and 134: ● Industry The international geot
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Cumulative global geothermal power
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Wastewater: Discharge of wastewater
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The following are areas where R&D c
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● Market Opportunities Market Pot
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the simplest form of local distribu
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Based on country update papers for
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Power Generation Technology Combine
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148 Commercial and technological de
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150 Table 45 Average Investment Cos
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152 Generation Costs Generating cap
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154 Table 47 Top Ten Suppliers, 200
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156 Table 49 Installed Capacity (in
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158 On the positive side, no direct
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DKK (1999)/kWh/Year Productivity 3
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Productivity in kWh per m 2 per yea
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164 before the intermittent nature
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166 The 2 to 3 MW power class will
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168 Grid Integration and Intermitte
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170 Internationally accepted requir
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172 EPRI: Electrical Power Research
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SOURCES AND FURTHER READING Chapter
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European Commission (1997), Energy
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Sellers, R. (1996), PV Diffusion Re
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Morse, F. H. (2000), The Commercial
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Veringa, H. (2001), Biomass Paper,
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CADDET (2001), Renewable Energy New
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WEBSITES Australian Greenhouse offi
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RETScreen International: http://www
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