Technology Status - NET Nowak Energie & Technologie AG

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96 but solar-field maintenance costs, while lower, will be more directly related to solar-field size. Further cost reduction, due to economy of scale, will be achieved by increasing the collector area. Table 24 Planned and Predicted Costs for Each CSP Technology: 2005, 2010 and 2020. Parabolic trough Power tower Parabolic dish 2005 2010 2020 2005 2010 2020 2005 2010 2020 Levelised electricity USD/kWh Capital 0.10 0.08 0.07 0.11 0.07 0.04 0.15 0.10 0.06 costs USD/W O&M costs 2.6 2.2 1.4 2.8 2.1 1.1 5.0 3.2 1.2 [USD cents/kWh] Surface 1.0 0.5 0.4 1.2 0.4 0.3 4.0 1.5 0.9 costs USD/m 630 315 275 475 265 200 3,000 1,500 320 2 Source: NET Ltd., Switzerland. Table 25 Costs for Concentrating Solar Power Current investment costs in USD per kWp Low investment costs: 3,000. High investment costs: 6,000. Expected investment costs in USD per kWp in 2010 Low investment costs: 2,000. High investment costs: 4,000. Current generation costs in USD cents per kWh Low cost generation: 10-15. High cost generation: 20-25. Expected generation costs in USD cents per kWh in 2010 Low cost generation: 6-8. High cost generation: 10-12. Source: NET Ltd., Switzerland. CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER X4
Table 26 Cost Reduction Opportunities for Concentrating Solar Power (%) CSP technology R&D Economy of Economy of Economy of scale I scale II scale II (component (manufacturing (plant size) volume) size) Parabolic trough up to 5 up to 5 up to 10 up to 10 Power tower Dish/engine up to 10 up to 5 up to 10 up to 10 system up to 10 up to 10 up to 10 up to 5 Source: NET Ltd. Switzerland. Table 27 Key Factors for Concentrating Solar Power Factor Fact Variable influencing energy output Direct irradiation Limiting factors Area availability / grid capacity Capacity installed in 2000 in GW 0.4 GW Potential in 2010 in GW 2 GW Future potential beyond term year given Rule of thumb for conversion ratio* Medium-high (installed power to electric output) 1 kW --> 1,900 kWh per year * Assumptions: solar irradiation 1700 kWh/m 2 and year, system efficiency 15%. Source: NET Ltd., Switzerland. Improved Plant Design System design offers another opportunity for cost reduction. Current investigations and pilot projects are combining CSP technology with new designs in gas-turbines and combined-cycle plants (ISCCS). The ISCCS design offers a number of potential advantages over a plant using only fossil fuels. The incremental capital and O&M costs of the ISCCS plant are outweighed by their higher efficiency, reduced start-up losses and dual use of critical system elements, e.g. the boiler. Additional opportunities in this area include better management of plant parasitic load and operation, as well as better matching of the solar output to existing turbines. 4 CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER 97
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY RENEWAB
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY 9, rue
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication d
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8 Prospects for Wind Power 158 Issu
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10 4. Turbine Efficiency Over Time
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Renewables are th
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Technology and Technological Develo
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Table 1 Focal Points for Policy Int
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Table 2 Ranges of Investment and Ge
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Table 3 Current and Forecast Instal
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generation. Better power quality re
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per kWh from plants with proven con
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28 Renewables for Power Generation
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30 ● basic features: characterist
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32 The natural factors which affect
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34 Figure 5 Francis Turbine Source:
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36 ● Costs Investment costs for S
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Installation costs [€/kW] 10000 8
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Electricity generation cost in USD
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● Market Installed capacity [MW]
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44 Nevertheless, hydropower project
Page 48 and 49: Worldwide hydro production [TWh/yr]
Page 50 and 51: 48 Table 5 Key Factors for SHP Pote
Page 52 and 53: 50 Materials Low-cost materials lik
Page 55 and 56: SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER A Brief Hi
Page 57 and 58: to the alternating current (AC) req
Page 59 and 60: from USD 10 to 18 per W. Off-grid s
Page 61 and 62: companies like Sharp, Kyocera and S
Page 63 and 64: sells customised module manufacturi
Page 65 and 66: germane, and toxic metals like cadm
Page 67 and 68: Efficiency [%] 20 15 10 5 0 R&D is
Page 69 and 70: Generation costs in €/kWh 1.1 1 0
Page 71 and 72: This is seen most often in Japan, a
Page 73 and 74: System DC/AC unit costs (individual
Page 75 and 76: issue as production levels increase
Page 77: chemistry. Such developments - ulti
Page 80 and 81: 78 delivered to the receiver. The r
Page 82 and 83: 80 ● Thermal Storage Like hybridi
Page 84 and 85: Electricity generation cost USD cen
Page 86 and 87: 84 An example of a CSP industry is
Page 88 and 89: 86 If CSP plants are hybridised wit
Page 90 and 91: 88 reduces the capital cost by 12-1
Page 92 and 93: 90 innovations have influenced all
Page 94 and 95: 92 receiver technology is entering
Page 96 and 97: 94 energy storage) and higher solar
Page 100 and 101: 98 Further cost reductions will be
Page 102 and 103: 100 Global Renewable Energy Resourc
Page 105 and 106: BIOPOWER A Brief History of Biopowe
Page 107 and 108: transport, emissions, etc.) of fast
Page 109 and 110: 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Figure 38 T
Page 111 and 112: ● Swedish forestry harvesting sys
Page 113 and 114: Gross electricty generation in GWh
Page 115 and 116: Specific investement costs in € p
Page 117 and 118: Table 30 Generation Costs for 2-MW
Page 119 and 120: €/MWh 16 12 8 4 0 for reductions
Page 121 and 122: coal at the inlet to the mill, b) f
Page 123 and 124: Table 33 Cost Reduction Opportuniti
Page 125 and 126: GEOTHERMAL POWER A Brief History of
Page 127 and 128: eached relatively shallow depths (5
Page 129 and 130: Capital cost in 1993 USD per kW 300
Page 131 and 132: An example of a large scale power p
Page 133 and 134: ● Industry The international geot
Page 135 and 136: Cumulative global geothermal power
Page 137 and 138: Wastewater: Discharge of wastewater
Page 139 and 140: The following are areas where R&D c
Page 141 and 142: ● Market Opportunities Market Pot
Page 143 and 144: the simplest form of local distribu
Page 145 and 146: Based on country update papers for
Page 147: Power Generation Technology Combine
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148 Commercial and technological de
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150 Table 45 Average Investment Cos
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152 Generation Costs Generating cap
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154 Table 47 Top Ten Suppliers, 200
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156 Table 49 Installed Capacity (in
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158 On the positive side, no direct
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DKK (1999)/kWh/Year Productivity 3
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Productivity in kWh per m 2 per yea
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164 before the intermittent nature
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166 The 2 to 3 MW power class will
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168 Grid Integration and Intermitte
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170 Internationally accepted requir
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172 EPRI: Electrical Power Research
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SOURCES AND FURTHER READING Chapter
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European Commission (1997), Energy
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Sellers, R. (1996), PV Diffusion Re
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Morse, F. H. (2000), The Commercial
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Veringa, H. (2001), Biomass Paper,
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CADDET (2001), Renewable Energy New
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WEBSITES Australian Greenhouse offi
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RETScreen International: http://www
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