Technology Status - NET Nowak Energie & Technologie AG

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36 ● Costs Investment costs for SHP plants vary according to site-specific (e.g. topography, hydrology) and local characteristics (e.g. planning and administrative issues, social acceptance, finance schemes). The site is an important factor in the technical choice for the SHP system and related costs, whereas other local characteristics influence non-technical costs. The most important system and cost elements are a) civil engineering, b) equipment, and c) turbine. As a general rule, civil engineering costs are higher for high-head plants, mainly because they usually need longer pipelines. On the other hand, turbine costs are higher for low-head plants, which have to pass more water than high-head plants for the same power output and are therefore larger. Low-head power plants also run more slowly and thus cannot be connected directly to the generator. Electrical equipment (which includes the generator, the transformer, the controller, the protection system and the access lines) represent about 25% of the total plant cost for both high and low-head plants. For supplemental hydropower systems, energy production is only a secondary purpose. Therefore, civil engineering plays a less important role because the most significant construction is already in place. The turbine and the electrical equipment each cost approximately the same as the civil engineering and must be adapted to the principal purpose of the plant. Equipment costs can be highly variable, depending on the country and location, the water source and the quality of equipment. Figure 9 shows an example of SHP elements (turbine, electrical equipment and civil engineering) and relative costs for three different types of SHP plant (highhead, low-head and supplemental hydropower system). This figure helps to identify the key elements where efforts can be made to decrease the overall power plant costs. Turbines are the most expensive standard component (as opposed to civil engineering, which is highly specific for each site). High-head plants tend to have lower investment costs; because the higher the head, the less water is required to generate a given amount of power. As a result, these plants can utilise smaller and less costly equipment. However, there are disadvantages often associated with high-head sites. They are generally located in areas with low population density and relatively small local demand for electricity. Long transmission distances to densely populated areas increase final costs. Also, easily- engineered high-head sites are increasingly rare or difficult to develop. SMALL HYDROPOWER X2
Relative investment costs Investment costs [€ per kW] 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 1000 800 600 400 200 0 Figure 9 Relative Investment Costs for Three Types of Hydropower Plant 2 High head Low head Supplemental Source: <strong>NET</strong> Ltd., Switzerland. Figure 10 SMALL HYDROPOWER Civil engineering Turbine Electrical equipment Approximate Power Unit and Electricity Generation Costs in Western Europe for Three Typical Hydropower Plants: a) high-head with an installed capacity of 1 to 2 MW, b) low-head with an installed capacity of 1 to 2 MW, and c) supplemental SHP plant with an installed capacity of a few 100 kW High head Low head Supplemental Investment costs in € per kWp Source: <strong>NET</strong> Ltd., Switzerland. Electricity generation cost in € per kWh 0.09 0.08 0.06 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.00 37 Electricity generation cost [€ per kWh]
Page 1: INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY RENEWAB
Page 4 and 5: INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY 9, rue
Page 7: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication d
Page 10 and 11: 8 Prospects for Wind Power 158 Issu
Page 12 and 13: 10 4. Turbine Efficiency Over Time
Page 15 and 16: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Renewables are th
Page 17 and 18: Technology and Technological Develo
Page 19 and 20: Table 1 Focal Points for Policy Int
Page 21 and 22: Table 2 Ranges of Investment and Ge
Page 23 and 24: Table 3 Current and Forecast Instal
Page 25 and 26: generation. Better power quality re
Page 27: per kWh from plants with proven con
Page 30 and 31: 28 Renewables for Power Generation
Page 32 and 33: 30 ● basic features: characterist
Page 34 and 35: 32 The natural factors which affect
Page 36 and 37: 34 Figure 5 Francis Turbine Source:
Page 40 and 41: Installation costs [€/kW] 10000 8
Page 42 and 43: Electricity generation cost in USD
Page 44 and 45: ● Market Installed capacity [MW]
Page 46 and 47: 44 Nevertheless, hydropower project
Page 48 and 49: Worldwide hydro production [TWh/yr]
Page 50 and 51: 48 Table 5 Key Factors for SHP Pote
Page 52 and 53: 50 Materials Low-cost materials lik
Page 55 and 56: SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER A Brief Hi
Page 57 and 58: to the alternating current (AC) req
Page 59 and 60: from USD 10 to 18 per W. Off-grid s
Page 61 and 62: companies like Sharp, Kyocera and S
Page 63 and 64: sells customised module manufacturi
Page 65 and 66: germane, and toxic metals like cadm
Page 67 and 68: Efficiency [%] 20 15 10 5 0 R&D is
Page 69 and 70: Generation costs in €/kWh 1.1 1 0
Page 71 and 72: This is seen most often in Japan, a
Page 73 and 74: System DC/AC unit costs (individual
Page 75 and 76: issue as production levels increase
Page 77: chemistry. Such developments - ulti
Page 80 and 81: 78 delivered to the receiver. The r
Page 82 and 83: 80 ● Thermal Storage Like hybridi
Page 84 and 85: Electricity generation cost USD cen
Page 86 and 87: 84 An example of a CSP industry is
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86 If CSP plants are hybridised wit
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88 reduces the capital cost by 12-1
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90 innovations have influenced all
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92 receiver technology is entering
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94 energy storage) and higher solar
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96 but solar-field maintenance cost
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98 Further cost reductions will be
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100 Global Renewable Energy Resourc
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BIOPOWER A Brief History of Biopowe
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transport, emissions, etc.) of fast
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Figure 38 T
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● Swedish forestry harvesting sys
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Gross electricty generation in GWh
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Specific investement costs in € p
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Table 30 Generation Costs for 2-MW
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€/MWh 16 12 8 4 0 for reductions
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coal at the inlet to the mill, b) f
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Table 33 Cost Reduction Opportuniti
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GEOTHERMAL POWER A Brief History of
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eached relatively shallow depths (5
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Capital cost in 1993 USD per kW 300
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An example of a large scale power p
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● Industry The international geot
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Cumulative global geothermal power
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Wastewater: Discharge of wastewater
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The following are areas where R&D c
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● Market Opportunities Market Pot
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the simplest form of local distribu
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Based on country update papers for
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Power Generation Technology Combine
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148 Commercial and technological de
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150 Table 45 Average Investment Cos
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152 Generation Costs Generating cap
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154 Table 47 Top Ten Suppliers, 200
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156 Table 49 Installed Capacity (in
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158 On the positive side, no direct
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DKK (1999)/kWh/Year Productivity 3
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Productivity in kWh per m 2 per yea
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164 before the intermittent nature
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166 The 2 to 3 MW power class will
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168 Grid Integration and Intermitte
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170 Internationally accepted requir
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172 EPRI: Electrical Power Research
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SOURCES AND FURTHER READING Chapter
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European Commission (1997), Energy
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Sellers, R. (1996), PV Diffusion Re
Page 183 and 184:
Morse, F. H. (2000), The Commercial
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Veringa, H. (2001), Biomass Paper,
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CADDET (2001), Renewable Energy New
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WEBSITES Australian Greenhouse offi
Page 191:
RETScreen International: http://www
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