- Page 1: INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY RENEWAB
- Page 4 and 5: INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY 9, rue
- Page 7: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication d
- Page 11 and 12: 26. Cost Reduction Opportunities fo
- Page 13: 34. Heliostat Price as a Function o
- Page 16 and 17: 14 R&D, improvements in manufacturi
- Page 18 and 19: Price per Wp USD 1999 10 5 0 16 But
- Page 20 and 21: 18 ● The highest potential for co
- Page 22 and 23: 20 then at its best, and renewable
- Page 24 and 25: 22 40%, a trend which is likely to
- Page 26 and 27: 24 low as 3 USD cents per kWh. Once
- Page 29 and 30: INTRODUCTION Renewable energy techn
- Page 31 and 32: curve helps identify crucial elemen
- Page 33 and 34: SMALL HYDROPOWER A Brief History of
- Page 35 and 36: Turbine efficiency [%] Turbines 100
- Page 37 and 38: Head [m] 1000 100 10 Figure 8 Small
- Page 39 and 40: Relative investment costs Investmen
- Page 41 and 42: Costs [€/kW] Investment costs [
- Page 43 and 44: front capital costs are written off
- Page 45 and 46: managing water flow solely to maxim
- Page 47 and 48: could achieve cost reductions of 1.
- Page 49 and 50: European SHP capacity potential [MW
- Page 51 and 52: Table 8 Costs for Small Hydropower
- Page 53: protection and monitoring offer cos
- Page 56 and 57: 54 The balance of system (BOS) comp
- Page 58 and 59:
56 Table 10 Typical Costs (in USD)
- Page 60 and 61:
Electricity generation cost in USD
- Page 62 and 63:
60 PV manufacturers have developed
- Page 64 and 65:
62 The market share of distributed
- Page 66 and 67:
PV module shipments in MWp 550 500
- Page 68 and 69:
66 ● increased cell efficiency (a
- Page 70 and 71:
68 Economy of scale can be relevant
- Page 72 and 73:
Price of photovoltaic module in USD
- Page 74 and 75:
72 Table 15 Costs for Solar Photovo
- Page 76 and 77:
74 Table 17 Diffusion Scenarios for
- Page 79 and 80:
CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER A Brief H
- Page 81 and 82:
Dish/engine systems will be used in
- Page 83 and 84:
100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20
- Page 85 and 86:
Operation and maintenance costs (10
- Page 87 and 88:
eservoir and no back-up heat source
- Page 89 and 90:
Capital costs [USD/kWp] 12000 10000
- Page 91 and 92:
Price [USD/m 2] 300 250 200 150 100
- Page 93 and 94:
Costs [USD/kW] 8000 7000 6000 5000
- Page 95 and 96:
technologies, with a growth rate of
- Page 97 and 98:
10000 Capital cost [USD/kW] Figure
- Page 99 and 100:
Table 26 Cost Reduction Opportuniti
- Page 101 and 102:
● Non-technical Issues Two non-te
- Page 103:
Plate 4 Geothermal Resource Potenti
- Page 106 and 107:
104 Conversion Combustion is the mo
- Page 108 and 109:
106 the inclusion of municipal soli
- Page 110 and 111:
Electricity generation cost in USD
- Page 112 and 113:
Net generating capacity in MW 8000
- Page 114 and 115:
112 ● Environment Environmental i
- Page 116 and 117:
114 (higher conversion efficiency a
- Page 118 and 119:
116 Table 31 Summary of Near-term P
- Page 120 and 121:
118 The main biomass resources are:
- Page 122 and 123:
120 Refurbishment/upgrading: Existi
- Page 124 and 125:
122 Issues for Further Progress ●
- Page 126 and 127:
124 Figure 45 World Pattern of Geot
- Page 128 and 129:
126 Despite the relatively low effi
- Page 130 and 131:
128 Table 36 Technical Data for a S
- Page 132 and 133:
Electricity generation cost in USD
- Page 134 and 135:
132 Figure 49 Locations of Cumulati
- Page 136 and 137:
134 geothermal power with respect t
- Page 138 and 139:
136 Prospects for Geothermal Power
- Page 140 and 141:
Geothermal electricity costs in USD
- Page 142 and 143:
140 Large-scale applications (usual
- Page 144 and 145:
142 Technology Development Geotherm
- Page 146 and 147:
144 Table 43 Key Factors for Geothe
- Page 149 and 150:
WIND POWER A Brief History of Wind
- Page 151 and 152:
Table 44 Commercial and Technologic
- Page 153 and 154:
Costs in € 2500 2000 1500 1000 50
- Page 155 and 156:
Electricity generation cost in USD
- Page 157 and 158:
Installed capacity in MW 18000 1500
- Page 159 and 160:
Percentage of annual sales in numbe
- Page 161 and 162:
0.4/kWh. Investment cost decreased
- Page 163 and 164:
Cost in € (1999) per kW 1600 1400
- Page 165 and 166:
Cost of order / List price 1 0.9 0.
- Page 167 and 168:
Table 52 Cost Figures for Wind Powe
- Page 169 and 170:
Cost in DKK 1999 per kWh 1.4 1.2 1
- Page 171 and 172:
fossil generator or adding energy s
- Page 173 and 174:
ABBREVIATIONS AND GLOSSARY €: Eur
- Page 175:
NCEP: U.S. National Centres for Env
- Page 178 and 179:
176 MhyLab (1998), Hydroscoop Bulle
- Page 180 and 181:
178 IEA-PVPS / Eiffert P. et al. (2
- Page 182 and 183:
180 European Commission (1994), Ass
- Page 184 and 185:
182 Chapter 5 - Biopower Craig, Kev
- Page 186 and 187:
184 Lund, J.W. (1999), Small Geothe
- Page 188 and 189:
186 IEA (2001), IEA Wind Energy New
- Page 190 and 191:
188 IEA Geothermal Implementing Agr
- Page 194:
IEA Publications, 9, rue de la Féd