Technology Status - NET Nowak Energie & Technologie AG

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60 PV manufacturers have developed diverse strategies for competing in global markets. Some of these methods include: ● Locating near end-use markets: Manufacturers benefit from feedback by end-users on product design. Distance from end-use markets can be partly compensated by making technically trained marketing representatives available. ● Starting local and small: Reduced transportation costs and more direct feedback. Small plants can be expanded as demand increases. ● Starting big: Large plants achieve economies of volume and scale that reduce production costs. This technique has also led to financial problems when companies try to expand too quickly, particularly into new technology manufacturing. ● Separating cell and module production: PV cell manufacturing requires expertise and infrastructure. Because assembly of cells into modules does not require the same level of expertise, manufacturers often ship cells for assembly to countries with end-use markets. ● Establishing in-country corporate presence: Manufacturers located incountry obtain preferential treatment, such as exemptions from certain taxes. Additionally, some countries, such as Germany, provide investment incentives for building plants. The manufacturers can be subdivided into two broad categories: those that purchase ready-made cells and assemble them into modules, and verticallyintegrated manufacturers who manufacture their own cells and modules. Amorphous silicon manufacturers normally have vertically-integrated production lines, as the cell and module are usually assembled in the same process. The manufacture of balance of system components such as inverters, batteries and battery charge controllers, and array support structures constitutes a large industry. In the absence of an international standard for grid connection, inverters are largely selected on the basis of compliance with connection requirements in a particular country. A number of countries with little or no module manufacturing capacity are active in other areas of the industry. For example, Isovolta/Werndorf of Austria produces and exports approximately 50% of world demand for tedlar used in PV modules. Crystalox of the UK and ScanWafer of Norway are major exporters of multi-crystalline silicon ingots and wafers. Automation Tooling Systems of Canada has developed and marketed automated PV cells and SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER X3
sells customised module manufacturing lines. Two Swiss companies, Meyer & Burger and HCT Shaping systems, have a large share of the market for wire saws used for cell production. The US industry is export-oriented: more than 80% of the approximately 150,000 charge controllers manufactured by US suppliers are sold abroad. The Japanese PV industry primarily supplies its domestic market. The European PV industry currently imports about as many modules as it exports. ● Market The annual production of PV modules has been growing at an average rate of more than 30% in recent years. PV module production capacity is now over 500 MW per year. The latest data on global cell/module production by cell technology in MW are given in Figure 20. Figure 20 World Production by Cell <strong>Technology</strong> in 2002 Cadmium telluride 0.4% In 1990, PV was used mainly in stand-alone systems, for rural electrification and small-scale applications. Since then, the number of grid-connected systems has greatly increased. Europe and Japan have the largest number of distributed grid-connected PV systems, mostly building-integrated (BiPV). 3 Ribbon silicon 3.3% Amorphous silicon 5.5% Amorphous silicon on single crystal silicon slice 5.9% Multicrystal 54.4% Source: PVNEWS, March 2003. SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER Microcrystal silicon/single silicon 0.7% Silicon on lowcost-substrate 0.3% Crystal silicon concentrators 0.1% 61 Single crystal flat plate 29.4%
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY RENEWAB
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY 9, rue
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication d
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8 Prospects for Wind Power 158 Issu
Page 12 and 13: 10 4. Turbine Efficiency Over Time
Page 15 and 16: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Renewables are th
Page 17 and 18: Technology and Technological Develo
Page 19 and 20: Table 1 Focal Points for Policy Int
Page 21 and 22: Table 2 Ranges of Investment and Ge
Page 23 and 24: Table 3 Current and Forecast Instal
Page 25 and 26: generation. Better power quality re
Page 27: per kWh from plants with proven con
Page 30 and 31: 28 Renewables for Power Generation
Page 32 and 33: 30 ● basic features: characterist
Page 34 and 35: 32 The natural factors which affect
Page 36 and 37: 34 Figure 5 Francis Turbine Source:
Page 38 and 39: 36 ● Costs Investment costs for S
Page 40 and 41: Installation costs [€/kW] 10000 8
Page 42 and 43: Electricity generation cost in USD
Page 44 and 45: ● Market Installed capacity [MW]
Page 46 and 47: 44 Nevertheless, hydropower project
Page 48 and 49: Worldwide hydro production [TWh/yr]
Page 50 and 51: 48 Table 5 Key Factors for SHP Pote
Page 52 and 53: 50 Materials Low-cost materials lik
Page 55 and 56: SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER A Brief Hi
Page 57 and 58: to the alternating current (AC) req
Page 59 and 60: from USD 10 to 18 per W. Off-grid s
Page 61: companies like Sharp, Kyocera and S
Page 65 and 66: germane, and toxic metals like cadm
Page 67 and 68: Efficiency [%] 20 15 10 5 0 R&D is
Page 69 and 70: Generation costs in €/kWh 1.1 1 0
Page 71 and 72: This is seen most often in Japan, a
Page 73 and 74: System DC/AC unit costs (individual
Page 75 and 76: issue as production levels increase
Page 77: chemistry. Such developments - ulti
Page 80 and 81: 78 delivered to the receiver. The r
Page 82 and 83: 80 ● Thermal Storage Like hybridi
Page 84 and 85: Electricity generation cost USD cen
Page 86 and 87: 84 An example of a CSP industry is
Page 88 and 89: 86 If CSP plants are hybridised wit
Page 90 and 91: 88 reduces the capital cost by 12-1
Page 92 and 93: 90 innovations have influenced all
Page 94 and 95: 92 receiver technology is entering
Page 96 and 97: 94 energy storage) and higher solar
Page 98 and 99: 96 but solar-field maintenance cost
Page 100 and 101: 98 Further cost reductions will be
Page 102 and 103: 100 Global Renewable Energy Resourc
Page 105 and 106: BIOPOWER A Brief History of Biopowe
Page 107 and 108: transport, emissions, etc.) of fast
Page 109 and 110: 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Figure 38 T
Page 111 and 112: ● Swedish forestry harvesting sys
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Gross electricty generation in GWh
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Specific investement costs in € p
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Table 30 Generation Costs for 2-MW
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€/MWh 16 12 8 4 0 for reductions
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coal at the inlet to the mill, b) f
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Table 33 Cost Reduction Opportuniti
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GEOTHERMAL POWER A Brief History of
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eached relatively shallow depths (5
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Capital cost in 1993 USD per kW 300
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An example of a large scale power p
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● Industry The international geot
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Cumulative global geothermal power
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Wastewater: Discharge of wastewater
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The following are areas where R&D c
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● Market Opportunities Market Pot
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the simplest form of local distribu
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Based on country update papers for
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Power Generation Technology Combine
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148 Commercial and technological de
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150 Table 45 Average Investment Cos
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152 Generation Costs Generating cap
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154 Table 47 Top Ten Suppliers, 200
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156 Table 49 Installed Capacity (in
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158 On the positive side, no direct
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DKK (1999)/kWh/Year Productivity 3
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Productivity in kWh per m 2 per yea
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164 before the intermittent nature
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166 The 2 to 3 MW power class will
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168 Grid Integration and Intermitte
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170 Internationally accepted requir
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172 EPRI: Electrical Power Research
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SOURCES AND FURTHER READING Chapter
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European Commission (1997), Energy
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Sellers, R. (1996), PV Diffusion Re
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Morse, F. H. (2000), The Commercial
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Veringa, H. (2001), Biomass Paper,
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CADDET (2001), Renewable Energy New
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WEBSITES Australian Greenhouse offi
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RETScreen International: http://www
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Technology Status - NET Nowak Energie & Technologie AG

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