Technology Status - NET Nowak Energie & Technologie AG

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86 If CSP plants are hybridised with a conventional fossil plant, emissions will be released from the non-solar portion of the plant. Prospects for Concentrating Solar Power Parabolic trough plants are the most mature CSP technology available today and are most likely to be used in the near term. Power towers, with their possibility of thermal storage, offer the promise of dispatchable, solar-only plants with high annual capacity in the medium to long term. Dish engines are smaller and more modular, presenting the opportunities for a wide array of energy services in sunny areas. ● Cost Reduction Opportunities Early trough plants produced power for about USD 0.25/kWh in niche markets. As continuing R&D improved plant performance and lowered O&M costs, and as economies of scale for larger plants were achieved, power costs from the most recent plants dropped to about USD 0.12/kWh, the lowestcost solar power in the world. While the costs of new plants built with advanced technologies may initially be slightly higher than the recent trough plants, they may drop with the construction and successful operation of the first few advanced plants, demonstrating a learning curve similar or even more pronounced than that seen at the SEGS plants. This could result in costs of about USD 0.10/kWh within five years. The industry’s trough technology roadmap lays out a detailed strategy to combine technology advances in receivers, reflectors and structures, thermal storage and plant optimisation to reduce costs to less than USD 0.05/kWh in 15 to 20 years. If this occurs, CSP in areas with high insolation could be reasonably competitive with conventional resources in those markets by 2020. Figure 33 shows past and predicted capital and electricity costs for each CSP technology. The relationship between capital cost and electricity cost depends on many factors, in particular the hours of system operation, debt and depreciation time. For that reason, dish systems will have a higher electricity cost than power tower systems even if the future capital cost for both systems is predicted to be very close. Cost reduction typically comes from four areas: ● R&D: Performance improvements through R&D reduce the cost of enhanced and optimised components and subsystems. Efforts are focusing mainly on reflectors and receivers, thermal-storage capability, heat transfer fluid (HTF), hybridisation and the power cycle. CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER X4
Capital costs [USD/kWp] 12000 10000 Figure 33 Current and Forecast CSP Capital and Electricity Costs 8000 6000 4000 2000 ● Increased component size: The increase in the aperture of the collector in the SEGS plants developed by Luz International contributed to the cost reductions achieved by SEGS plants. In power tower systems, heliostat size may also be increased in order to achieve similar cost reductions. ● Manufacturing volume: Mass production offers great potential for cost reduction. SunLab estimates that it could bring costs down by 15% to 30%. In dish/engine systems, the manufacturing process also offers great potential for cost reduction. Because CSP employs conventional technology and materials (glass, concrete, steel and standard utility-scale turbines), production capacity could be scaled up to several hundred megawatts per year using existing industrial infrastructure. In order for economies of scale to be realised, manufacturing processes should be simplified and the level of technology reduced, allowing for manufacturing to take place in areas where labour and materials are inexpensive. ● Plant size: In large-scale solar-thermal power plants, one of the easiest ways to reduce the cost of solar electricity from CSP technology is by increasing plant size. Based on the SEGS experience, the current capital cost for a parabolic trough system is estimated at USD 3,500 /kW for a 30 MW plant and USD 2,450/kW for a 200 MW plant in a developed country. Studies have shown that doubling the size of a trough solar field 4 0 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 Trough capital Tower capital Dish capital Trough elec. Tower elec. Dish elec. Source: <strong>NET</strong> Ltd., Switzerland. CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.00 87 Levelised electricity costs [USD/kWh]
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY RENEWAB
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY 9, rue
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication d
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8 Prospects for Wind Power 158 Issu
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10 4. Turbine Efficiency Over Time
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Renewables are th
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Technology and Technological Develo
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Table 1 Focal Points for Policy Int
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Table 2 Ranges of Investment and Ge
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Table 3 Current and Forecast Instal
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generation. Better power quality re
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per kWh from plants with proven con
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28 Renewables for Power Generation
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30 ● basic features: characterist
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32 The natural factors which affect
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34 Figure 5 Francis Turbine Source:
Page 38 and 39: 36 ● Costs Investment costs for S
Page 40 and 41: Installation costs [€/kW] 10000 8
Page 42 and 43: Electricity generation cost in USD
Page 44 and 45: ● Market Installed capacity [MW]
Page 46 and 47: 44 Nevertheless, hydropower project
Page 48 and 49: Worldwide hydro production [TWh/yr]
Page 50 and 51: 48 Table 5 Key Factors for SHP Pote
Page 52 and 53: 50 Materials Low-cost materials lik
Page 55 and 56: SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER A Brief Hi
Page 57 and 58: to the alternating current (AC) req
Page 59 and 60: from USD 10 to 18 per W. Off-grid s
Page 61 and 62: companies like Sharp, Kyocera and S
Page 63 and 64: sells customised module manufacturi
Page 65 and 66: germane, and toxic metals like cadm
Page 67 and 68: Efficiency [%] 20 15 10 5 0 R&D is
Page 69 and 70: Generation costs in €/kWh 1.1 1 0
Page 71 and 72: This is seen most often in Japan, a
Page 73 and 74: System DC/AC unit costs (individual
Page 75 and 76: issue as production levels increase
Page 77: chemistry. Such developments - ulti
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Page 82 and 83: 80 ● Thermal Storage Like hybridi
Page 84 and 85: Electricity generation cost USD cen
Page 86 and 87: 84 An example of a CSP industry is
Page 90 and 91: 88 reduces the capital cost by 12-1
Page 92 and 93: 90 innovations have influenced all
Page 94 and 95: 92 receiver technology is entering
Page 96 and 97: 94 energy storage) and higher solar
Page 98 and 99: 96 but solar-field maintenance cost
Page 100 and 101: 98 Further cost reductions will be
Page 102 and 103: 100 Global Renewable Energy Resourc
Page 105 and 106: BIOPOWER A Brief History of Biopowe
Page 107 and 108: transport, emissions, etc.) of fast
Page 109 and 110: 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Figure 38 T
Page 111 and 112: ● Swedish forestry harvesting sys
Page 113 and 114: Gross electricty generation in GWh
Page 115 and 116: Specific investement costs in € p
Page 117 and 118: Table 30 Generation Costs for 2-MW
Page 119 and 120: €/MWh 16 12 8 4 0 for reductions
Page 121 and 122: coal at the inlet to the mill, b) f
Page 123 and 124: Table 33 Cost Reduction Opportuniti
Page 125 and 126: GEOTHERMAL POWER A Brief History of
Page 127 and 128: eached relatively shallow depths (5
Page 129 and 130: Capital cost in 1993 USD per kW 300
Page 131 and 132: An example of a large scale power p
Page 133 and 134: ● Industry The international geot
Page 135 and 136: Cumulative global geothermal power
Page 137 and 138: Wastewater: Discharge of wastewater
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The following are areas where R&D c
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● Market Opportunities Market Pot
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the simplest form of local distribu
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Based on country update papers for
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Power Generation Technology Combine
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148 Commercial and technological de
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150 Table 45 Average Investment Cos
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152 Generation Costs Generating cap
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154 Table 47 Top Ten Suppliers, 200
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156 Table 49 Installed Capacity (in
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158 On the positive side, no direct
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DKK (1999)/kWh/Year Productivity 3
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Productivity in kWh per m 2 per yea
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164 before the intermittent nature
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166 The 2 to 3 MW power class will
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168 Grid Integration and Intermitte
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170 Internationally accepted requir
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172 EPRI: Electrical Power Research
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SOURCES AND FURTHER READING Chapter
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European Commission (1997), Energy
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Sellers, R. (1996), PV Diffusion Re
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Morse, F. H. (2000), The Commercial
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Veringa, H. (2001), Biomass Paper,
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CADDET (2001), Renewable Energy New
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WEBSITES Australian Greenhouse offi
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RETScreen International: http://www
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