Technology Status - NET Nowak Energie & Technologie AG

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50 Materials Low-cost materials like steel and ceramics resistant to sand erosion and machine components made of plastic, glass fibre, etc. need to be developed for SHP. Civil Engineering Civil engineering represents a major portion of the total cost of a small hydropower plant, often more than 50% (including penstock in the case of high heads). Although few advances in civil engineering for SHP can be expected, some progress has been made in the use of geotextiles. These materials can be used in the construction of weirs, storage lagoons and drainage under the power canals to prevent landslides. Research into reducing the cost of the penstock (which can account for almost 50% of the total civil engineering cost) could result in improving the cost-effectiveness of SHP plants. For example, it appears that the use of fibreglass in the penstock can be cost-effective for a plant of up to about 2 MW. Powerhouses should also be studied to ensure that they are integrated into the local environment and soundproofed at moderate cost. Electromechanical Engineering ● Generators: Since present generator efficiency is close to 100%, appreciable cost reductions from more R&D are uncertain. The use of higherperformance materials (for example, high-performance magnets for synchronous machines) may improve efficiency, but would also increase costs. Improving some materials, such as less expensive cooling fluids, may also reduce costs, but efficiencies might decrease. The benefits of developing suitable, inexpensive, multi-pole generators to eliminate gear-boxes in lowhead applications need to be studied. ● Variable speed: The adjustment of turbine speed allows maximum turbine efficiency regardless of operating conditions. However, as electrical power has to be supplied at constant voltage and frequency, an electronic frequency converter must be used. This requires additional investment and results in a certain loss of efficiency. The economic balance, the application range, and the resultant benefits of such a solution have to be carefully studied in terms of the turbine characteristics and hydraulic variability. Interestingly, technology transfer from wind applications may be viable. ● Controlling and monitoring: In recent years, most small hydropower projects have used personal computers for system control and monitoring. Specific software can be used for data collection and remote control of the plant. Intelligent electronic devices (IED) for operation, closed loop control, SMALL HYDROPOWER X2
protection and monitoring offer cost-effective solutions. A wired or unwired telecommunication link to a regional control centre for remote control and monitoring can lower maintenance costs. ● Non-technical Issues Institutional and regulatory rules can cause delays for approval of SHP projects, but could be streamlined without loss of oversight responsibilities. Procedures for gaining permission to use river water can be simplified and, in order to enhance environmental support, a standard method to determine acceptable minimum river flow could be established. Although many sites have the potential for hydropower production, development can lead to significant ecological impacts. Past hydropower projects have disrupted fish runs, flooded large areas and converted rapids into placid lakes. With some foresight and precautions, small hydropower sites can be adapted to meet local environmental concerns and comply with the latest environmental policies. Various techniques can help minimise ecological impacts: e.g. fish ladders, careful operation of reservoirs, integration of powerhouses into the landscape and noise reduction. Other more complex techniques include guidance systems to deflect fish from small hydropower intakes and outfalls without energy. Environmental issues and their solutions need further exploration in order to produce definitive and broadly acceptable guidelines for SHP designers and planners. Proper assessment of sites and selection of equipment can have an important impact on costs. Digital ortho-photography, digital terrain models and computer software programmes offer new techniques and solutions. Remote sensing techniques can also be used to assess isolated sites. Green markets represent an important opportunity for further deployment of SHP. Thus it is important to develop a labelling programme to encourage SHP to be better accepted by the wider public. SHP needs to be marketed through literature, trade events and missions. Dissemination activities should be undertaken to encourage “market pull” from the potential growth areas. 2 SMALL HYDROPOWER 51
Page 1: INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY RENEWAB
Page 4 and 5: INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY 9, rue
Page 7: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication d
Page 10 and 11: 8 Prospects for Wind Power 158 Issu
Page 12 and 13: 10 4. Turbine Efficiency Over Time
Page 15 and 16: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Renewables are th
Page 17 and 18: Technology and Technological Develo
Page 19 and 20: Table 1 Focal Points for Policy Int
Page 21 and 22: Table 2 Ranges of Investment and Ge
Page 23 and 24: Table 3 Current and Forecast Instal
Page 25 and 26: generation. Better power quality re
Page 27: per kWh from plants with proven con
Page 30 and 31: 28 Renewables for Power Generation
Page 32 and 33: 30 ● basic features: characterist
Page 34 and 35: 32 The natural factors which affect
Page 36 and 37: 34 Figure 5 Francis Turbine Source:
Page 38 and 39: 36 ● Costs Investment costs for S
Page 40 and 41: Installation costs [€/kW] 10000 8
Page 42 and 43: Electricity generation cost in USD
Page 44 and 45: ● Market Installed capacity [MW]
Page 46 and 47: 44 Nevertheless, hydropower project
Page 48 and 49: Worldwide hydro production [TWh/yr]
Page 50 and 51: 48 Table 5 Key Factors for SHP Pote
Page 55 and 56: SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER A Brief Hi
Page 57 and 58: to the alternating current (AC) req
Page 59 and 60: from USD 10 to 18 per W. Off-grid s
Page 61 and 62: companies like Sharp, Kyocera and S
Page 63 and 64: sells customised module manufacturi
Page 65 and 66: germane, and toxic metals like cadm
Page 67 and 68: Efficiency [%] 20 15 10 5 0 R&D is
Page 69 and 70: Generation costs in €/kWh 1.1 1 0
Page 71 and 72: This is seen most often in Japan, a
Page 73 and 74: System DC/AC unit costs (individual
Page 75 and 76: issue as production levels increase
Page 77: chemistry. Such developments - ulti
Page 80 and 81: 78 delivered to the receiver. The r
Page 82 and 83: 80 ● Thermal Storage Like hybridi
Page 84 and 85: Electricity generation cost USD cen
Page 86 and 87: 84 An example of a CSP industry is
Page 88 and 89: 86 If CSP plants are hybridised wit
Page 90 and 91: 88 reduces the capital cost by 12-1
Page 92 and 93: 90 innovations have influenced all
Page 94 and 95: 92 receiver technology is entering
Page 96 and 97: 94 energy storage) and higher solar
Page 98 and 99: 96 but solar-field maintenance cost
Page 100 and 101: 98 Further cost reductions will be
Page 102 and 103:
100 Global Renewable Energy Resourc
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BIOPOWER A Brief History of Biopowe
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transport, emissions, etc.) of fast
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Figure 38 T
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● Swedish forestry harvesting sys
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Gross electricty generation in GWh
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Specific investement costs in € p
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Table 30 Generation Costs for 2-MW
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€/MWh 16 12 8 4 0 for reductions
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coal at the inlet to the mill, b) f
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Table 33 Cost Reduction Opportuniti
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GEOTHERMAL POWER A Brief History of
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eached relatively shallow depths (5
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Capital cost in 1993 USD per kW 300
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An example of a large scale power p
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● Industry The international geot
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Cumulative global geothermal power
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Wastewater: Discharge of wastewater
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The following are areas where R&D c
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● Market Opportunities Market Pot
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the simplest form of local distribu
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Based on country update papers for
Page 147:
Power Generation Technology Combine
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148 Commercial and technological de
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150 Table 45 Average Investment Cos
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152 Generation Costs Generating cap
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154 Table 47 Top Ten Suppliers, 200
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156 Table 49 Installed Capacity (in
Page 160 and 161:
158 On the positive side, no direct
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DKK (1999)/kWh/Year Productivity 3
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Productivity in kWh per m 2 per yea
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164 before the intermittent nature
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166 The 2 to 3 MW power class will
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168 Grid Integration and Intermitte
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170 Internationally accepted requir
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172 EPRI: Electrical Power Research
Page 177 and 178:
SOURCES AND FURTHER READING Chapter
Page 179 and 180:
European Commission (1997), Energy
Page 181 and 182:
Sellers, R. (1996), PV Diffusion Re
Page 183 and 184:
Morse, F. H. (2000), The Commercial
Page 185 and 186:
Veringa, H. (2001), Biomass Paper,
Page 187 and 188:
CADDET (2001), Renewable Energy New
Page 189 and 190:
WEBSITES Australian Greenhouse offi
Page 191:
RETScreen International: http://www
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