Technology Status - NET Nowak Energie & Technologie AG

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Worldwide hydro production [TWh/yr] 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 46 mostly due to limited access to transmission systems. In the US, some 40 MW are planned for installation in the short to medium term. Figure 17 Worldwide Technical Hydropower Potential versus Economically Feasible Potential and Present Situation 1998 Africa Asia Australasia Europe North and Central America Technology Factors In developed countries there are three key markets for small hydropower with substantial near-term potential: (a) new installations (b) restoration and refurbishing of existing facilities and (c) addition of SHP plants at dams built for flood control, irrigation and drinking water supplies. The greatest potential for SHP exists in new installations in developing countries. In rural areas of these countries, energy demand is often moderate and can be met by small or micro hydropower schemes. The plants are frequently operated in isolation or are connected to local grids. The main competitor to SHP today in these circumstances is diesel generation. Restoration and refurbishment of existing facilities South America Technical potential Economically feasible potential Present production Source: EUREC Agency. Refurbishment of old sites means the replacement of old equipment with more efficient turbines and/or generators, which would increase power SMALL HYDROPOWER X2
European SHP capacity potential [MW] 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 production and/or reduce maintenance costs. Restoration means a more extensive overhaul of a power plant and can include a change of equipment and/or an improvement of the civil works. The restoration or refurbishment of old sites is one of the most promising and cost-effective ways to increase hydropower generating capacity, as many thousands of old sites developed in the early part of the past century have been abandoned and may readily be restored with modern equipment at competitive cost. Proper restoration, refurbishment and maintenance of these plants would double the European SHP electricity potential (see Figure 18). Figure 18 Technical and Real European SHP Capacity Potential Regional Factors SHP installed capacity is estimated to grow between 1% and 6% per year over the next 20 years. Developing countries are likely to experience higher growth rates than the IEA countries. The largest increase is expected to be in China. Rapid expansion with significant growth rates of 5% or above are expected in other areas of Asia, Latin America, the Middle East, and North and sub-Saharan Africa. Central and Eastern Europe are expected to increase their capacity at a lower growth rate of 2%, mainly through refurbishment and restoration of old sites. The world market for small hydropower technology is worth well over USD 1 billion per year. 2 SMALL HYDROPOWER Restoration New Real potential Technical potential Sources: NET Ltd., Switzerland; BlueAGE ESHA study, Lorenzoni et al. (2000). Considers old sites and new plants, taking into account environmental, legal and economic constraints. 47
Page 1: INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY RENEWAB
Page 4 and 5: INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY 9, rue
Page 7: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication d
Page 10 and 11: 8 Prospects for Wind Power 158 Issu
Page 12 and 13: 10 4. Turbine Efficiency Over Time
Page 15 and 16: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Renewables are th
Page 17 and 18: Technology and Technological Develo
Page 19 and 20: Table 1 Focal Points for Policy Int
Page 21 and 22: Table 2 Ranges of Investment and Ge
Page 23 and 24: Table 3 Current and Forecast Instal
Page 25 and 26: generation. Better power quality re
Page 27: per kWh from plants with proven con
Page 30 and 31: 28 Renewables for Power Generation
Page 32 and 33: 30 ● basic features: characterist
Page 34 and 35: 32 The natural factors which affect
Page 36 and 37: 34 Figure 5 Francis Turbine Source:
Page 38 and 39: 36 ● Costs Investment costs for S
Page 40 and 41: Installation costs [€/kW] 10000 8
Page 42 and 43: Electricity generation cost in USD
Page 44 and 45: ● Market Installed capacity [MW]
Page 46 and 47: 44 Nevertheless, hydropower project
Page 50 and 51: 48 Table 5 Key Factors for SHP Pote
Page 52 and 53: 50 Materials Low-cost materials lik
Page 55 and 56: SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER A Brief Hi
Page 57 and 58: to the alternating current (AC) req
Page 59 and 60: from USD 10 to 18 per W. Off-grid s
Page 61 and 62: companies like Sharp, Kyocera and S
Page 63 and 64: sells customised module manufacturi
Page 65 and 66: germane, and toxic metals like cadm
Page 67 and 68: Efficiency [%] 20 15 10 5 0 R&D is
Page 69 and 70: Generation costs in €/kWh 1.1 1 0
Page 71 and 72: This is seen most often in Japan, a
Page 73 and 74: System DC/AC unit costs (individual
Page 75 and 76: issue as production levels increase
Page 77: chemistry. Such developments - ulti
Page 80 and 81: 78 delivered to the receiver. The r
Page 82 and 83: 80 ● Thermal Storage Like hybridi
Page 84 and 85: Electricity generation cost USD cen
Page 86 and 87: 84 An example of a CSP industry is
Page 88 and 89: 86 If CSP plants are hybridised wit
Page 90 and 91: 88 reduces the capital cost by 12-1
Page 92 and 93: 90 innovations have influenced all
Page 94 and 95: 92 receiver technology is entering
Page 96 and 97: 94 energy storage) and higher solar
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96 but solar-field maintenance cost
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98 Further cost reductions will be
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100 Global Renewable Energy Resourc
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BIOPOWER A Brief History of Biopowe
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transport, emissions, etc.) of fast
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Figure 38 T
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● Swedish forestry harvesting sys
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Gross electricty generation in GWh
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Specific investement costs in € p
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Table 30 Generation Costs for 2-MW
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€/MWh 16 12 8 4 0 for reductions
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coal at the inlet to the mill, b) f
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Table 33 Cost Reduction Opportuniti
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GEOTHERMAL POWER A Brief History of
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eached relatively shallow depths (5
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Capital cost in 1993 USD per kW 300
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An example of a large scale power p
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● Industry The international geot
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Cumulative global geothermal power
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Wastewater: Discharge of wastewater
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The following are areas where R&D c
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● Market Opportunities Market Pot
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the simplest form of local distribu
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Based on country update papers for
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Power Generation Technology Combine
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148 Commercial and technological de
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150 Table 45 Average Investment Cos
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152 Generation Costs Generating cap
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154 Table 47 Top Ten Suppliers, 200
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156 Table 49 Installed Capacity (in
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158 On the positive side, no direct
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DKK (1999)/kWh/Year Productivity 3
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Productivity in kWh per m 2 per yea
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164 before the intermittent nature
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166 The 2 to 3 MW power class will
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168 Grid Integration and Intermitte
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170 Internationally accepted requir
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172 EPRI: Electrical Power Research
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SOURCES AND FURTHER READING Chapter
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European Commission (1997), Energy
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Sellers, R. (1996), PV Diffusion Re
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Morse, F. H. (2000), The Commercial
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Veringa, H. (2001), Biomass Paper,
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CADDET (2001), Renewable Energy New
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WEBSITES Australian Greenhouse offi
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RETScreen International: http://www
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