Technology Status - NET Nowak Energie & Technologie AG

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90 innovations have influenced all Solar Tres system elements and have resulted in two insulated tanks (hot and cold) storing 6,250 tonnes of molten nitrate salt with capacity for 24 hour-a-day full electrical energy production (with 16 hours of storage). The thermal storage will raise annual plant capacity from 20-22% for Solar Two over 60% for Solar Tres. Long term developments in thermal-storage technology include the formulation of organic heat transfer fluid. Dish/Engine Systems At the Plataforma Solar Almería (PSA), the EuroDish project aims to bring the system cost down from the current USD 11,000/kW to USD 5,000-6,000/kW. The major cost-reduction potential lies in the manufacturing process and in the efficient production of modular parts. Remote control and monitoring, the use of low-cost elements like cheaper drive and control systems, and an enhanced procedure for manufacturing the solar receiver should also deliver cost reductions. The first prototype started operating in February 2001 and has already reduced costs to USD 5,000/kW. Since this is only a prototype, cost reductions have to be proven by further project experience. However, the EuroDish targets seem realistic. In the medium to long term, installed system costs are expected to decrease dramatically as series production of dish units increases. At the same time, annual efficiencies of dish/engine systems are expected to rise in conjunction with greater reliability and availability. Hybrid operation (including the use of hydrogen fuel) has been demonstrated in recent dish/Stirling testing. Advanced hybrid heat pipe receivers are being developed to allow concurrent solar/fossil operation; however, hybrid operation has proved very difficult with dish/Stirling systems. ● Market Opportunities Market Potential Because CSP plants can only focus direct solar radiation and cannot concentrate diffuse sky radiation, they only perform well in very sunny locations, specifically in arid and semi-arid regions. CSP technology is most likely to develop in regions with radiation levels exceeding 1,700kWh/m2yr, i.e. southern Europe, North and southern Africa, the Middle East, western India, western Australia, the Andean Plateau, north-eastern Brazil, northern Mexico and the US Southwest. Although the tropics have high solar radiation, it is highly diffuse. Long rainy seasons also make these regions unsuitable for CSP technology. CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER X4
Costs [USD/kW] 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 Figure 35 Performance Improvement and Cost Reduction with Increasing Production Rates Regional Factors Market entry costs for CSP technology are very difficult to quantify using simple formulae because they depend on prices of the alternative energy sources in that specific location and on the availability of incentives. Trough and power tower technology could become competitive (a) at USD 0.06-USD 0.08/kWh as peak power, (b) at USD 0.30/kWh in developing countries for specific industrial and mini-grid applications or (c) in places with very high peak power costs. A number of projects are currently under development (see Table 22), some of them within the framework of Operational Program No. 7 of the Global Environmental Facility (Egypt, India, Iran, Mexico and Morocco). Present parabolic trough installed capacity is 354 MW worldwide, though projects under development, plus hybrid installations, may bring that capacity to 650 MW, about 94% of the world’s capacity, by 2005. With an expected growth rate of 20%, parabolic trough installed capacity would be 1,600 MW by 2010 and a little more than 10 GW by 2020. Based on these estimates, parabolic trough would still be the leading CSP technology in 2020. The total experience with power towers has amounted to only 25 MW, the combined output of the Solar One and Solar Two prototypes, both built in the US. No large power tower plants are currently operational. Central 4 100 1000 3000 10000 Production rate [units/year] Source: <strong>NET</strong> Ltd., Switzerland. CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER Costs Efficiency 30 25 20 15 91 Peak system efficiency [%]
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY RENEWAB
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY 9, rue
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication d
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8 Prospects for Wind Power 158 Issu
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10 4. Turbine Efficiency Over Time
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Renewables are th
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Technology and Technological Develo
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Table 1 Focal Points for Policy Int
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Table 2 Ranges of Investment and Ge
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Table 3 Current and Forecast Instal
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generation. Better power quality re
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per kWh from plants with proven con
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28 Renewables for Power Generation
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30 ● basic features: characterist
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32 The natural factors which affect
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34 Figure 5 Francis Turbine Source:
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36 ● Costs Investment costs for S
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Installation costs [€/kW] 10000 8
Page 42 and 43: Electricity generation cost in USD
Page 44 and 45: ● Market Installed capacity [MW]
Page 46 and 47: 44 Nevertheless, hydropower project
Page 48 and 49: Worldwide hydro production [TWh/yr]
Page 50 and 51: 48 Table 5 Key Factors for SHP Pote
Page 52 and 53: 50 Materials Low-cost materials lik
Page 55 and 56: SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER A Brief Hi
Page 57 and 58: to the alternating current (AC) req
Page 59 and 60: from USD 10 to 18 per W. Off-grid s
Page 61 and 62: companies like Sharp, Kyocera and S
Page 63 and 64: sells customised module manufacturi
Page 65 and 66: germane, and toxic metals like cadm
Page 67 and 68: Efficiency [%] 20 15 10 5 0 R&D is
Page 69 and 70: Generation costs in €/kWh 1.1 1 0
Page 71 and 72: This is seen most often in Japan, a
Page 73 and 74: System DC/AC unit costs (individual
Page 75 and 76: issue as production levels increase
Page 77: chemistry. Such developments - ulti
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Page 82 and 83: 80 ● Thermal Storage Like hybridi
Page 84 and 85: Electricity generation cost USD cen
Page 86 and 87: 84 An example of a CSP industry is
Page 88 and 89: 86 If CSP plants are hybridised wit
Page 90 and 91: 88 reduces the capital cost by 12-1
Page 94 and 95: 92 receiver technology is entering
Page 96 and 97: 94 energy storage) and higher solar
Page 98 and 99: 96 but solar-field maintenance cost
Page 100 and 101: 98 Further cost reductions will be
Page 102 and 103: 100 Global Renewable Energy Resourc
Page 105 and 106: BIOPOWER A Brief History of Biopowe
Page 107 and 108: transport, emissions, etc.) of fast
Page 109 and 110: 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Figure 38 T
Page 111 and 112: ● Swedish forestry harvesting sys
Page 113 and 114: Gross electricty generation in GWh
Page 115 and 116: Specific investement costs in € p
Page 117 and 118: Table 30 Generation Costs for 2-MW
Page 119 and 120: €/MWh 16 12 8 4 0 for reductions
Page 121 and 122: coal at the inlet to the mill, b) f
Page 123 and 124: Table 33 Cost Reduction Opportuniti
Page 125 and 126: GEOTHERMAL POWER A Brief History of
Page 127 and 128: eached relatively shallow depths (5
Page 129 and 130: Capital cost in 1993 USD per kW 300
Page 131 and 132: An example of a large scale power p
Page 133 and 134: ● Industry The international geot
Page 135 and 136: Cumulative global geothermal power
Page 137 and 138: Wastewater: Discharge of wastewater
Page 139 and 140: The following are areas where R&D c
Page 141 and 142: ● Market Opportunities Market Pot
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the simplest form of local distribu
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Based on country update papers for
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Power Generation Technology Combine
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148 Commercial and technological de
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150 Table 45 Average Investment Cos
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152 Generation Costs Generating cap
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154 Table 47 Top Ten Suppliers, 200
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156 Table 49 Installed Capacity (in
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158 On the positive side, no direct
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DKK (1999)/kWh/Year Productivity 3
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Productivity in kWh per m 2 per yea
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164 before the intermittent nature
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166 The 2 to 3 MW power class will
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168 Grid Integration and Intermitte
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170 Internationally accepted requir
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172 EPRI: Electrical Power Research
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SOURCES AND FURTHER READING Chapter
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European Commission (1997), Energy
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Sellers, R. (1996), PV Diffusion Re
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Morse, F. H. (2000), The Commercial
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Veringa, H. (2001), Biomass Paper,
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CADDET (2001), Renewable Energy New
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WEBSITES Australian Greenhouse offi
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RETScreen International: http://www
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