Technology Status - NET Nowak Energie & Technologie AG

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SOURCES AND FURTHER READING Chapter 2 – Small Hydro Power Brekke, M. H. (2000), Small-hydro Mechanical Equipment, IEA – Implementing agreement for hydropower technologies and programmes. ESHA / Lorenzoni et al. (2000), BlueAGE, Blue Energy for a Green Europe, Strategic study for the development of Small Hydropower in the European Union, Final Report, Altener : Bruxelles. EUREC Agency (1996), The Future of Renewable Energy, Prospects and Direction, London: James & James. EUREC Agency (2002), The Future of Renewable Energy 2, Prospect and Direction, London: James & James. European Commission (1997), Energy Technology: The Next Steps, Brussels: EC. Hintermann, M. (1994), L’Eau Potable Génératrice d’Electricité, DIANE 10 study, Energie2000, Swiss Federal Office of Energy. Huber, C. et al. (2001), Final Report of the Project ElGreen - Organising a Joint European Green Electricity Market, Vienna: European Commission. IEA/ Armand, F. (2000), Assessment for Further Opportunities for R&D, Summary and Report, IEA Technical Report, IEA Hydropower Agreement, France: ADEME. IT-Power (1995), Technical and Resources Assessment of Low Head Hydropower in Europe, JOU2-CT93-0415, Stroomlijn and Karlsruhe University. JAMP (2000), Small Hydropower – An Option with a Future, Joint ASEAN Mini Hydropower Programme (JAMP), Jakarta. Kueny, J.-L. (1999), Objectives for SH Technology, Grenoble: Institut National Polytechnique de Grenoble. Lehner, B. and Czisch, G. (forthcoming), "Szenarien einer zukünftigen Stromversorgung". Maurer, E. A. (1997), New Markets for Small-Scale Hydro, Newsletter 4, Sulzer Hydro Ltd., Switzerland. SOURCES AND FURTHER READING 175
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY RENEWAB
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY 9, rue
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication d
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8 Prospects for Wind Power 158 Issu
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10 4. Turbine Efficiency Over Time
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Renewables are th
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Technology and Technological Develo
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Table 1 Focal Points for Policy Int
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Table 2 Ranges of Investment and Ge
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Table 3 Current and Forecast Instal
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generation. Better power quality re
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per kWh from plants with proven con
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28 Renewables for Power Generation
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30 ● basic features: characterist
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32 The natural factors which affect
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34 Figure 5 Francis Turbine Source:
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36 ● Costs Investment costs for S
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Installation costs [€/kW] 10000 8
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Electricity generation cost in USD
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● Market Installed capacity [MW]
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44 Nevertheless, hydropower project
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Worldwide hydro production [TWh/yr]
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48 Table 5 Key Factors for SHP Pote
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50 Materials Low-cost materials lik
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SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER A Brief Hi
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to the alternating current (AC) req
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from USD 10 to 18 per W. Off-grid s
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companies like Sharp, Kyocera and S
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sells customised module manufacturi
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germane, and toxic metals like cadm
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Efficiency [%] 20 15 10 5 0 R&D is
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Generation costs in €/kWh 1.1 1 0
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This is seen most often in Japan, a
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System DC/AC unit costs (individual
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issue as production levels increase
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chemistry. Such developments - ulti
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78 delivered to the receiver. The r
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80 ● Thermal Storage Like hybridi
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Electricity generation cost USD cen
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84 An example of a CSP industry is
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86 If CSP plants are hybridised wit
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88 reduces the capital cost by 12-1
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90 innovations have influenced all
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92 receiver technology is entering
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94 energy storage) and higher solar
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96 but solar-field maintenance cost
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98 Further cost reductions will be
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100 Global Renewable Energy Resourc
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BIOPOWER A Brief History of Biopowe
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transport, emissions, etc.) of fast
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Figure 38 T
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● Swedish forestry harvesting sys
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Gross electricty generation in GWh
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Specific investement costs in € p
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Table 30 Generation Costs for 2-MW
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€/MWh 16 12 8 4 0 for reductions
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coal at the inlet to the mill, b) f
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Table 33 Cost Reduction Opportuniti
Page 125 and 126: GEOTHERMAL POWER A Brief History of
Page 127 and 128: eached relatively shallow depths (5
Page 129 and 130: Capital cost in 1993 USD per kW 300
Page 131 and 132: An example of a large scale power p
Page 133 and 134: ● Industry The international geot
Page 135 and 136: Cumulative global geothermal power
Page 137 and 138: Wastewater: Discharge of wastewater
Page 139 and 140: The following are areas where R&D c
Page 141 and 142: ● Market Opportunities Market Pot
Page 143 and 144: the simplest form of local distribu
Page 145 and 146: Based on country update papers for
Page 147: Power Generation Technology Combine
Page 150 and 151: 148 Commercial and technological de
Page 152 and 153: 150 Table 45 Average Investment Cos
Page 154 and 155: 152 Generation Costs Generating cap
Page 156 and 157: 154 Table 47 Top Ten Suppliers, 200
Page 158 and 159: 156 Table 49 Installed Capacity (in
Page 160 and 161: 158 On the positive side, no direct
Page 162 and 163: DKK (1999)/kWh/Year Productivity 3
Page 164 and 165: Productivity in kWh per m 2 per yea
Page 166 and 167: 164 before the intermittent nature
Page 168 and 169: 166 The 2 to 3 MW power class will
Page 170 and 171: 168 Grid Integration and Intermitte
Page 172 and 173: 170 Internationally accepted requir
Page 174 and 175: 172 EPRI: Electrical Power Research
Page 178 and 179: 176 MhyLab (1998), Hydroscoop Bulle
Page 180 and 181: 178 IEA-PVPS / Eiffert P. et al. (2
Page 182 and 183: 180 European Commission (1994), Ass
Page 184 and 185: 182 Chapter 5 - Biopower Craig, Kev
Page 186 and 187: 184 Lund, J.W. (1999), Small Geothe
Page 188 and 189: 186 IEA (2001), IEA Wind Energy New
Page 190 and 191: 188 IEA Geothermal Implementing Agr
Page 194: IEA Publications, 9, rue de la Féd
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