Technology Status - NET Nowak Energie & Technologie AG

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92 receiver technology is entering the commercialisation phase with two projects under construction in southern Spain (Solar Tres and PS10). Other projects already under development may bring the central receiver installed capacity to 135 MW by 2005. Central receivers then might experience a slightly higher growth rate than parabolic trough systems, due to the additional dispatchability from storage. This means that under favourable conditions with a growth rate of about 25% from 2005 to 2020, the central receiver installed capacity would be about 4 GW by 2020. Table 22 Current CSP Projects Location Cycle CSP technology Solar capacity [MW electricity] Australia CLFR 13 Egypt Combined Cycle Investor’s Choice 35 Greece Steam Cycle Trough 52 India Combined Cycle Trough 35 Iran Combined Cycle Trough 67 Israel Combined Cycle Trough 100-500 Jordan Combined Cycle Trough 100-150 Mexico Combined Cycle Investor’s Choice 40 Morocco Combined Cycle Investor’s Choice 30-50 Spain Steam Cycle Trough (AndaSol 1) 50 Spain Steam Cycle Trough (AndaSol 2) 50 Spain Steam Cycle Trough (EuroSEGS) 10 Spain Steam Cycle Power Tower (PS10) 10 Spain Steam Cycle Power Tower (S III) 15 USA Various types Various types 1,000 Source: SolarPACES. The present parabolic dish installed capacity is on the order of 1 MW; although, many projects are planned, which may result in installed capacity of as much as 40 MW by 2005. A SunLab study forecast that parabolic dishes could experience the most rapid expansion among the different CSP CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER X4
technologies, with a growth rate of 40% per year from 2005 to 2020. This means that the parabolic dish cumulative installed capacity would be more than 6 GW by 2020. This enormous growth rate is explained by the fact that huge untapped potential in developing countries could be exploited by parabolic dish systems, which are the most suitable CSP technology for smaller high-value and off-grid remote applications. SunLab and SolarPACES estimate that in very good locations, CSP technologies will be able to deliver power to large-scale, dispatchable markets for gridconnected peaking or base-load power, and rapidly expanding distributed markets, including both on-grid and remote/off-grid applications. CSP technology could meet requirements of current high-value and niche markets where fuel prices are high (e.g., island systems) or where green power generation has a high value, provided that the level of insolation meets CSP standards. Table 23 Current, Planned and Forecast Cumulative Installed Capacity for all CSP Technologies [MW electricity] 2002 2005 2010 2020 Parabolic trough 354 650 1.600 10,050 Power tower 25 135 410 3,850 Parabolic dish 1 40 215 6,250 Source: NET Ltd., Switzerland. Technology Factors Based on past parabolic trough experience and cost information from projects under development, the progress ratio for parabolic trough technology in the near future is expected to be around 85% (meaning that every doubling of the volume manufactured leads to a cost reduction of 15%). No new plants have been built since 1991. However, existing plants have continued to improve through reduced O&M costs and advances in generation components. Power tower technology is unique among solar electric technologies in its ability to store solar energy efficiently and dispatch electricity to the grid when needed. Compared to parabolic trough technology, power tower technology has greater cost-reduction potential (particularly with regard to 4 CONCENTRATING SOLAR POWER 93
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY RENEWAB
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INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY 9, rue
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication d
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8 Prospects for Wind Power 158 Issu
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10 4. Turbine Efficiency Over Time
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Renewables are th
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Technology and Technological Develo
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Table 1 Focal Points for Policy Int
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Table 2 Ranges of Investment and Ge
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Table 3 Current and Forecast Instal
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generation. Better power quality re
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per kWh from plants with proven con
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28 Renewables for Power Generation
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30 ● basic features: characterist
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32 The natural factors which affect
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34 Figure 5 Francis Turbine Source:
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36 ● Costs Investment costs for S
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Installation costs [€/kW] 10000 8
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Electricity generation cost in USD
Page 44 and 45: ● Market Installed capacity [MW]
Page 46 and 47: 44 Nevertheless, hydropower project
Page 48 and 49: Worldwide hydro production [TWh/yr]
Page 50 and 51: 48 Table 5 Key Factors for SHP Pote
Page 52 and 53: 50 Materials Low-cost materials lik
Page 55 and 56: SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER A Brief Hi
Page 57 and 58: to the alternating current (AC) req
Page 59 and 60: from USD 10 to 18 per W. Off-grid s
Page 61 and 62: companies like Sharp, Kyocera and S
Page 63 and 64: sells customised module manufacturi
Page 65 and 66: germane, and toxic metals like cadm
Page 67 and 68: Efficiency [%] 20 15 10 5 0 R&D is
Page 69 and 70: Generation costs in €/kWh 1.1 1 0
Page 71 and 72: This is seen most often in Japan, a
Page 73 and 74: System DC/AC unit costs (individual
Page 75 and 76: issue as production levels increase
Page 77: chemistry. Such developments - ulti
Page 80 and 81: 78 delivered to the receiver. The r
Page 82 and 83: 80 ● Thermal Storage Like hybridi
Page 84 and 85: Electricity generation cost USD cen
Page 86 and 87: 84 An example of a CSP industry is
Page 88 and 89: 86 If CSP plants are hybridised wit
Page 90 and 91: 88 reduces the capital cost by 12-1
Page 92 and 93: 90 innovations have influenced all
Page 96 and 97: 94 energy storage) and higher solar
Page 98 and 99: 96 but solar-field maintenance cost
Page 100 and 101: 98 Further cost reductions will be
Page 102 and 103: 100 Global Renewable Energy Resourc
Page 105 and 106: BIOPOWER A Brief History of Biopowe
Page 107 and 108: transport, emissions, etc.) of fast
Page 109 and 110: 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Figure 38 T
Page 111 and 112: ● Swedish forestry harvesting sys
Page 113 and 114: Gross electricty generation in GWh
Page 115 and 116: Specific investement costs in € p
Page 117 and 118: Table 30 Generation Costs for 2-MW
Page 119 and 120: €/MWh 16 12 8 4 0 for reductions
Page 121 and 122: coal at the inlet to the mill, b) f
Page 123 and 124: Table 33 Cost Reduction Opportuniti
Page 125 and 126: GEOTHERMAL POWER A Brief History of
Page 127 and 128: eached relatively shallow depths (5
Page 129 and 130: Capital cost in 1993 USD per kW 300
Page 131 and 132: An example of a large scale power p
Page 133 and 134: ● Industry The international geot
Page 135 and 136: Cumulative global geothermal power
Page 137 and 138: Wastewater: Discharge of wastewater
Page 139 and 140: The following are areas where R&D c
Page 141 and 142: ● Market Opportunities Market Pot
Page 143 and 144: the simplest form of local distribu
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Based on country update papers for
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Power Generation Technology Combine
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148 Commercial and technological de
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150 Table 45 Average Investment Cos
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152 Generation Costs Generating cap
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154 Table 47 Top Ten Suppliers, 200
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156 Table 49 Installed Capacity (in
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158 On the positive side, no direct
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DKK (1999)/kWh/Year Productivity 3
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Productivity in kWh per m 2 per yea
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164 before the intermittent nature
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166 The 2 to 3 MW power class will
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168 Grid Integration and Intermitte
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170 Internationally accepted requir
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172 EPRI: Electrical Power Research
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SOURCES AND FURTHER READING Chapter
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European Commission (1997), Energy
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Sellers, R. (1996), PV Diffusion Re
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Morse, F. H. (2000), The Commercial
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Veringa, H. (2001), Biomass Paper,
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CADDET (2001), Renewable Energy New
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WEBSITES Australian Greenhouse offi
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RETScreen International: http://www
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