Technology Status - NET Nowak Energie & Technologie AG

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34 Figure 5 Francis Turbine Source: NET Ltd., Switzerland. Figure 7 Pelton Turbine Source: NET Ltd., Switzerland. Figure 6 Kaplan Turbine Source: NET Ltd., Switzerland. ● In impulse turbines water pressure is converted into kinetic energy in the form of a high-speed jet that strikes buckets mounted on the periphery of the runner. The most common impulse type is the Pelton turbine. It is generally used in installations with a head of 50 to several hundred metres. By adjusting the flow through the nozzle, a Pelton turbine can operate at high efficiency over a wide range of head and flow conditions. Pelton turbines can be designed with either a vertical or horizontal shaft. Another type of impulse turbine is the cross-flow turbine, where water is directed by one or more guide-vanes located upstream. These turbines are relatively cheap and flexible. Figure 8 indicates the most appropriate turbine according to head and capacity. SMALL HYDROPOWER X2
Head [m] 1000 100 10 Figure 8 Small Hydropower Turbine Selection Chart 1 10 0 kW 100 kW 500 kW 0.01 0.1 1 Flow [m 10 100 3 3/s] Generators Today, generators commonly have efficiency rates of 98-99%. Two main types of generators are used in the small hydropower industry: synchronous and asynchronous generators. Synchronous generators typically have higher efficiency but are more expensive. Control of their rotor excitation also requires a more complex and more expensive regulating device. Both generator types are very well known throughout the industry and have been steadily improved to meet the needs and demands of the hydropower sector. The efficiency of small hydropower depends mainly on the performance of the turbine, since generator efficiencies are close to 100%. As a general rule, larger and newer plants have higher efficiencies of up to 90%. Average performance is typically in the range of 70% to 85%. Efficiency can be as low as 60% for old and smaller plants. 2 SMALL HYDROPOWER 35 10000 1 kW 5000 kW 1000 kW Sources: NET Ltd., Switzerland; RETScreen International; MhyLAb. Turbine graphics courtesy of European Small Hydro Association
Page 1: INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY RENEWAB
Page 4 and 5: INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY 9, rue
Page 7: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This publication d
Page 10 and 11: 8 Prospects for Wind Power 158 Issu
Page 12 and 13: 10 4. Turbine Efficiency Over Time
Page 15 and 16: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Renewables are th
Page 17 and 18: Technology and Technological Develo
Page 19 and 20: Table 1 Focal Points for Policy Int
Page 21 and 22: Table 2 Ranges of Investment and Ge
Page 23 and 24: Table 3 Current and Forecast Instal
Page 25 and 26: generation. Better power quality re
Page 27: per kWh from plants with proven con
Page 30 and 31: 28 Renewables for Power Generation
Page 32 and 33: 30 ● basic features: characterist
Page 34 and 35: 32 The natural factors which affect
Page 38 and 39: 36 ● Costs Investment costs for S
Page 40 and 41: Installation costs [€/kW] 10000 8
Page 42 and 43: Electricity generation cost in USD
Page 44 and 45: ● Market Installed capacity [MW]
Page 46 and 47: 44 Nevertheless, hydropower project
Page 48 and 49: Worldwide hydro production [TWh/yr]
Page 50 and 51: 48 Table 5 Key Factors for SHP Pote
Page 52 and 53: 50 Materials Low-cost materials lik
Page 55 and 56: SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER A Brief Hi
Page 57 and 58: to the alternating current (AC) req
Page 59 and 60: from USD 10 to 18 per W. Off-grid s
Page 61 and 62: companies like Sharp, Kyocera and S
Page 63 and 64: sells customised module manufacturi
Page 65 and 66: germane, and toxic metals like cadm
Page 67 and 68: Efficiency [%] 20 15 10 5 0 R&D is
Page 69 and 70: Generation costs in €/kWh 1.1 1 0
Page 71 and 72: This is seen most often in Japan, a
Page 73 and 74: System DC/AC unit costs (individual
Page 75 and 76: issue as production levels increase
Page 77: chemistry. Such developments - ulti
Page 80 and 81: 78 delivered to the receiver. The r
Page 82 and 83: 80 ● Thermal Storage Like hybridi
Page 84 and 85: Electricity generation cost USD cen
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84 An example of a CSP industry is
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86 If CSP plants are hybridised wit
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88 reduces the capital cost by 12-1
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90 innovations have influenced all
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92 receiver technology is entering
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94 energy storage) and higher solar
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96 but solar-field maintenance cost
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98 Further cost reductions will be
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100 Global Renewable Energy Resourc
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BIOPOWER A Brief History of Biopowe
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transport, emissions, etc.) of fast
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100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Figure 38 T
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● Swedish forestry harvesting sys
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Gross electricty generation in GWh
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Specific investement costs in € p
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Table 30 Generation Costs for 2-MW
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€/MWh 16 12 8 4 0 for reductions
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coal at the inlet to the mill, b) f
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Table 33 Cost Reduction Opportuniti
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GEOTHERMAL POWER A Brief History of
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eached relatively shallow depths (5
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Capital cost in 1993 USD per kW 300
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An example of a large scale power p
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● Industry The international geot
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Cumulative global geothermal power
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Wastewater: Discharge of wastewater
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The following are areas where R&D c
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● Market Opportunities Market Pot
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the simplest form of local distribu
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Based on country update papers for
Page 147:
Power Generation Technology Combine
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148 Commercial and technological de
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150 Table 45 Average Investment Cos
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152 Generation Costs Generating cap
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154 Table 47 Top Ten Suppliers, 200
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156 Table 49 Installed Capacity (in
Page 160 and 161:
158 On the positive side, no direct
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DKK (1999)/kWh/Year Productivity 3
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Productivity in kWh per m 2 per yea
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164 before the intermittent nature
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166 The 2 to 3 MW power class will
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168 Grid Integration and Intermitte
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170 Internationally accepted requir
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172 EPRI: Electrical Power Research
Page 177 and 178:
SOURCES AND FURTHER READING Chapter
Page 179 and 180:
European Commission (1997), Energy
Page 181 and 182:
Sellers, R. (1996), PV Diffusion Re
Page 183 and 184:
Morse, F. H. (2000), The Commercial
Page 185 and 186:
Veringa, H. (2001), Biomass Paper,
Page 187 and 188:
CADDET (2001), Renewable Energy New
Page 189 and 190:
WEBSITES Australian Greenhouse offi
Page 191:
RETScreen International: http://www
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