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transgress the norms and conventions of specific orders and institutions now form part of<br />

literary traditions. While the elements of shock and subversion have always been<br />

contained in literature (as mentioned in Chapter One), works such as Ovid’s Ars<br />

Amatoria, Shakespeare’s Troilus and Cressida, Poe’s fiction, or Joyce’s Ulysses, which<br />

were perceived to transgress the norms and conventions of either art, morality and/or<br />

society, were at specific times denied canonical status by either being censored, altered,<br />

marginalized, or put to trial. Before coming to a comprehensive and detailed illustration<br />

of how transgressive works are processed and appraised through the various levels of<br />

social and academic discourses, it is necessary to articulate a working definition of<br />

transgression as it pertains to the literary text. A deconstructive approach to the concept<br />

of transgression as well as an analysis of its possible effects on the reader, society, and<br />

artistic canons will help establish a practical framework to understand how the element of<br />

shock contained in these texts can create controversy and become subversive, thereby<br />

promoting, announcing, or reflecting shifts and changes at the cultural, social, and<br />

political levels.<br />

The standard definition of a text of transgression is one that exceeds what is<br />

accepted and/or permissible within the established norms and conventions of art, culture,<br />

and society. In that broad sense, there seems to be an exhaustive list of works that would<br />

fall into this category. Yet both the definition of “transgression” and its theoretical<br />

conceptualization have undergone intense scrutiny and in order to come to a practical<br />

framework for this study, it is necessary to review some of the most pertinent versions of<br />

the concept as elaborated by various generations of literary and cultural critics.<br />

60

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