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INNATE IMMUNITY 3
Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns
TLRs, NODs, RLRs and Dectin-1 are pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that recognize a wide variety of
microbial molecules, called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), discriminating Gram-positive and
Gram-negative bacteria from fungi and other pathogens. InvivoGen offers a comprehensive choice of high quality
PAMPs know to activate these PRRs.
All PAMPs are tested for TLR stimulation using Blue reporter cells. The endotoxin levels are determined using
a kinetic chromogenic LAL assay. EndoFit agonists contain less than 0.001 EU/μg.
TLR2 Agonists
TLR2 is involved in the recognition of a wide array of microbial molecules
representing broad groups of species such as Gram- and Gram+ bacteria,
as well as mycoplasma and yeast.
TLR3 Agonists
TLR3 recognizes double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a molecular pattern
associated with viral infection. Polyinosine-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)), a
synthetic analog of dsRNA, is the ligand of choice for TLR3.
TLR4 Agonists
TLR4 is the receptor for Gram-negative lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipid
A, its toxic moiety. InvivoGen offers LPS from various bacteria and
monophosphoryl lipid A.
TLR5 Agonists
TLR5 recognizes flagellin, the major component of the bacterial flagellar
filament, from both Gram+ and Gram- bacteria. InvivoGen provides flagellin
purified from B. subtilis (Gram+) and S. typhimurium (Gram-) bacteria and a
recombinant form.
TLR7/8 Agonists
TLR7 and TLR8 are involved in the response to viral infection. They recognize
GU-rich short single-stranded RNA as well as small synthetic molecules
such as imidazoquinolines and nucleoside analogues.
TLR9 Agonists
TLR9 recognizes specific unmethylated CpG-ODN sequences that
distinguish microbial DNA from mammalian DNA. Three types of
stimulatory ODNs have been described: type A, B and C. InvivoGen also
provides control ODNs and inhibitory ODNs. Larger quantities are
available upon request.
NOD1/2 Agonists
NOD1 and NOD2 are intracellular pathogen-recognition molecules that
sense bacterial peptidoglycan (PGN). InvivoGen provides insoluble and
soluble PGNs from Gram- and Gram + bacteria and bioactive fragments of
PGN such as iE-DAP and MDP.
RIG-I/MDA-5 Agonist
RIG-I and MDA-5 are cytoplasmic RNA helicases that recognize intracellular
double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), a molecular pattern associated with viral
infection. InvivoGen provides poly(I:C)/LyoVec, a ligand that mimics viral
dsRNA, as well as 5’ppp-dsRNA.
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Cytosolic DNA Sensor (CDS) Agonists
Double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) is a potent inducer of type I interferons.
Several sensors of cytosolic dsDNA have been identified, including DAI,
RIG-I and LRRFIP1. These sensors recognize AT-rich B-form dsDNA and
GC-rich Z-form dsDNA.
Dectin-1 Agonists
Dectin-1 is a specific receptor of b-glucans, which are glucose polymers
found in the cell walls of fungi, including the yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae
and Candida albicans.
NF-kB Activators
InvivoGen provides two TLR-independent activators of the transcription
factor NF-kB: Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-a) and Phorbol Myristate
Acetate (PMA).
Contents and Storage
Most products are provided as a powder form and are supplied with
endotoxin-free water for their reconstitution.
Products are shipped at room temperature and should be stored at 4°C
or -20°C as mentioned in the technical datasheet.