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INNATE IMMUNITY 3
Inflammasome Inducers & Inhibitors
The inflammasome is a multi-protein complex involved in the production of mature IL-1b. It is activated by a large variety of microbial molecules,
danger signals and crystalline substances. InvivoGen provides a selection of these molecules known to induce the assembly of the NLRP3 or
AIM2 inflammasomes. We also offer some inhibitors to confirm the ability of a given molecule to activate the inflammasome or to test the
importance of phagocytosis or potassium efflux in this process. These inflammasome inducers and inhibitors have been validated using the
THP-1/HEK-Blue -IL-1b Assay (see page 100).
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PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
Inflammasome Inducers
Alum Crystals Aluminium potassium sulfate 10 - 200 μg/ml 1 g tlrl-alk
ATP Adenosine 5′-triphosphate disodium salt 5 mM 1 g tlrl-atp
CPPD Crystals Calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate 50 - 200 μg/ml 5 mg tlrl-cppd
Hemozoin NEW Synthetic heme crystal 50 - 400 μg/ml 5 mg tlrl-hz
MSU Crystals Monosodium urate (uric acid) 50 - 200 μg/ml 5 mg tlrl-msu
Nigericin Nigericin, sodium salt 1 μM 10 mg tlrl-nig
Poly(dA:dT), double-stranded B DNA Poly(dA-dT)•poly(dT-dA)/LyoVec complex 1 - 5 μg/ml 100 μg tlrl-pat
Inflammasome Inhibitors
Inflammasome Inducers
Alum Crystals - NLRP3 Inflammasome Inducer
Aluminum hydroxide and potassium salts (alum) are commonly used vaccine adjuvants. Adjuvants are vaccine additives that stimulate the immune system
without having any specific antigenic effect. Alum has been demonstrated to activate caspase-1 and triggers IL-1b and IL-18 secretion 1 . All alum preparations
contain crystals. The alum-induced release of IL-1b in macrophages is dependent on NLRP3 and ASC, indicating that alum triggers inflammation through
activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome 2 . Alum has been shown to trigger NLRP3 activation through lysosomal destabilization 2 .
ATP - NLRP3 Inflammasome Inducer
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a potassium efflux agent, can trigger the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in response to PAMPs, such as LPS and
peptidoglycan. It stimulates the caspase-1-dependent cleavage and secretion of IL-1b from LPS-stimulated cells 3 . ATP triggers the opening of the nonselective
cation channel of the purinergic P2X7 receptor, followed by the gradual opening of a larger pore. The larger pore is attributed to pannexin-1, which
is recruited upon P2X7 receptor activation 4 . Activation of the P2X7 receptor results in potassium efflux which is necessary for activation of the posttranslational
maturation of IL-1b 5 .
Hemozoin - NLRP3 Inflammasome Inducer NEW
Hemozoin is a dark-brown heme crystal produced by the intraerythrocytic parasite Plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria. Hemozoin is taken up by
macrophages initiating signals that lead to the production of IL-1b. Hemozoin-induced IL-1b production is dependent on the activation of the NLRP3
inflammasome 6, 7 . Synthetic hemozoin has been shown to possess adjuvant properties that differ depending on the method of synthesis 8 . InvivoGen provides
a chemically synthesized hemozoin using an acidic method.
MSU & CPPD Crystals - NLRP3 Inflammasome Inducers
Crystals of monosodium urate (MSU) and calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate (CPPD) are the aetiological agents of the inflammatory joint diseases gout
and pseudo-gout, respectively. Both pathogenic crystals have been recently shown to be potent activators of caspase-1 through the NLRP3 inflammasome 9 .
Involvement of the inflammasome is suggested by the finding that macrophages from mice deficient in various components of the inflammasome are
defective in crystal-induced IL-1b induction. NLRP3 activation requires the phagocytosis of crystals that leads to lysosomal damage which appears to be
the signal recognized by the inflammasome resulting in its activation 2 .
www.invivogen.com/inflammasome
WORKING
CONCENTRATION
QUANTITY CATALOG
CODE
Glybenclamide Proton pump inhibitor 25 μg/ml 1 g tlrl-gly
Z-VAD-FMK Pan-caspase Inhibitor 10 μg/ml (20 μM) 1 mg tlrl-vad