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1. Hornung V. et al., 2006. 5'-Triphosphate RNA is the ligand for RIG-I. Science. 314(5801):994-7. 2. Schlee m. et al., 2009. Recognition of 5' triphosphate by RIG-I helicase requires short blunt
double-stranded RNA as contained in panhandle of negative-strand virus. Immunity. 17;31(1):25-34. 3. Takaoka A. et al., 2007. DAI (DLM-1/ZBP1) is a cytosolic DNA sensor and an activator
of innate immune response. Nature. 448(7152):501-5. 4. Yang P. et al., 2010. The cytosolic nucleic acid sensor LRRFIP1 mediates the production of type I interferon via a beta-catenindependent
pathway. Nat Immunol. 11(6):487-94. 5. Jones JW. et al., 2010. Absent in melanoma 2 is required for innate immune recognition of Francisella tularensis. PNAS, 107(21):9771-6.
6. Ablasser A. et al., 2009. RIG-I-dependent sensing of poly(dA:dT) through the induction of an RNA polymerase III-transcribed RNA intermediate. Nat Immunol. 10(10):1065-72. 7. Gitlin
L. et al., 2006. Essential role of mda-5 in type I IFN responses to polyriboinosinic:polyribocytidylic acid and encephelamyocarditis picornavirus. PNAS 103(22):8459-8464. 8. Kato H. et al.,
2005. Cell type-specific involvement of RIG-I in antiviral response. Immunity. 23(1):19-28.
Dectin-1 Agonists
Curdlan NEW
Curdlan is a high molecular weight linear polymer consisting of ß-(1 -> 3)-linked glucose residues. Curdlan is produced as a water-insoluble polysaccharide
by the soil bacterium, Alcaligenes faecalis. Curdlan is recognized by the membrane bound Dectin-1 receptor leading to the CARD9-dependent activation of
NF-kB and MAP kinases 1 . Furthermore, Dectin-1 signaling activates the NFAT transcription factor. Recent data suggest that Curdlan is also recognized by
the cytosolic NLRP3 inflammasome complex which cooperates with Dectin-1 resulting in in robust activation of IL-1b–mediated inflammatory response 2 .
HKCA (Candida albicans)
HKCA is a heat-killed preparation of Candida albicans. C. albicans is an opportunistic yeast that causes serious infections in immunocompromised patients.
Beta-glucans represent 40% of the cell wall of C. albicans. Heat killing of this yeast result in the exposure of the beta-glucans on the surface of the cell wall
and their subsequent recognition by the beta-glucan receptor, dectin-1 3 . HKCA derives from the strain ATCC 10231.
HKSC (Saccharomyces cerevisiae)
HKSC is a heat-killed preparation of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The cell wall of S. cerevisiae consists mainly of equal amounts of a-mannans and
b-glucans 4 . Early studies have suggested that the phagocytosis of unopsonized HKSC is mediated by both mannose and b-glucans receptors. However, recent
data show that the b-glucan receptor, dectin-1, is the predominant receptor involved in this process 5 .
Zymosan - TLR2 & Dectin-1 Agonist
Zymosan, an insoluble preparation of yeast cell, activates macrophages via TLR2. TLR2 cooperates with TLR6 and CD14 in response to zymosan 6 . Zymosan
is also recognized by Dectin-1, a phagocytic receptor expressed on macrophages and dendritic cells, which collaborates with TLR2 and TLR6 enhancing the
immune responses triggered by the recognition of Zymosan by each receptor 7 .
Zymosan Depleted
Zymosan depleted is a S. cerevisiae cell wall preparation treated with hot alkali to remove all its TLR-stimulating properties 8 . Zymosan depleted activates
Dectin-1 but not TLR2.
1. Goodridge HS, et al., 2009. Beta-glucan recognition by the innate immune system. Immunol Rev. 230(1):38-50. 2. Kankkunen P., 2010. (1,3)-beta-glucans activate both dectin-1 and NLRP3
inflammasome in human macrophages. J Immunol. 184(11):6335-42. 3. Gow NA. et al., 2007. Immune recognition of Candida albicans beta-glucan by dectin-1.J Infect Dis. 196(10):1565-71.
4. Giaimis J. et al., 1993. Both mannose and b-glucan receptors are involved in phagocytosis of unopsonized, heat-killed Saccharomyces cerevisiae by murine macrophages. J. Leukoc. Biol., 54:
564-571. 5. Brown GD. et al., 2002. Dectin-1 Is A Major ß-Glucan Receptor On Macrophages. J. Exp. Med., 196: 407-412. 6. Ozinsky A. et al., 2000. The repertoire for pattern recognition
of pathogens by the innate immune system is defined by cooperation between toll-like receptors. PNAS. 97(25):13766-71. 7. Gantner BN. et al., 2003. Collaborative induction of inflammatory
responses by dectin-1 and Toll-like receptor 2. J Exp Med. 197(9):1107-17. 8. Gantner BN. et al., 2003. Collaborative induction of inflammatory responses by dectin-1 and Toll-like receptor
2. J Exp Med. 197(9):1107-17.
NF-kB Activators
PMA
Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), also known as 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) is a specific activator of Protein Kinase C (PKC) and
hence of NF-kB. PMA is the most commonly used phorbol ester. It is active at nM concentrations. PMA causes an extremely wide range of effects in cells
and tissues, and is a very potent mouse skin tumor promoter 1 .
TNF-a
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) is a cytokine that plays a role in a variety of biological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis 2 .
It acts by activating transcription factors such as NF-kB and AP-1. InvivoGen provides a recombinant human TNF-a produced in CHO cells and purified by
affinity chromatography.
1. Chang MS. et al., 2005. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate upregulates cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human pulmonary epithelial cells via Ras, Raf-1, ERK, and NF-kappaB, but not p38
MAPK, pathways. Cell Signal. 17(3):299-310. 2. Leong KG & Karsan A. 2000. Signaling pathways mediated by tumor necrosis factor alpha. Histol Histopathol. 15(4):1303-25. Review.
www.invivogen.com/innate-immunity-pamps
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