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94 5 Symbolism on Egyptian Zodiacs and New Complete Decoding Figure 5.32: Four Canopic jars. (Taken from [116], p. 115) mification process. On Figure 5.32 we show the four so-called Canopic jars decorated with heads of a man, baboon, falcon and jackal. This type of jars were always found near the coffins inside the Egyptian graves 12 . Egyptologists explain the presence of Canopic jars as follows: Near the coffins in the graves there are always other containers to be found, mostly wooden boxes, in which four vessels were kept, . . . The Egyptians called them Canopic jars . . . They were used to hold the internal organs taken from the body and, because the body was incomplete without them, these were always placed together. . . . The precious internal organs were entrusted to divine protection, to the four sons of Horus, whose heads usually adorn the stoppers of the Canopic vessels. The human-headed Amset, . . . Hapi, with the head of a baboon, . . . Duamutef looks like a dog . . . and Qebehsenuf, with the head of a falcon, . . . ” 13 It is not surprising that previous investigators of Brugsch’s zodiac, including H. Brugsch himself, associated these four figures with the mummification ritual only and did not realize that they could actually represent planetary symbols. There is no contradiction in the double role of these figures. In fact, some researchers claim that the souls of the pharaohs were believed to become stars after their deaths, which quite well agree with some old Byzantine chronicles, according to 12 See for example [116], p.114, or [112], p. 143. 13 See [112], p. 154. which, the names of the first kings of Assyria and Egypt were simply the names of planets 14 . We should also mention that modern Egyptologists, following the opinion of Parker and Neugebauer, are convinced that this ancient Egyptian believe is related not to the planets but to the stars of the Orion constellation 15 . However, as we will show it in this book, this is a mistake resulting from the misunderstanding of the Egyptian symbol of the summer solstice, represented by a figure of a man with a raised hand (see Figures 4.4 and 4.5), as a symbol of the Orion constellation 16 . 5.4.3 Seth, Anubis and Thoth as Egyptian Symbols of Saturn and Mercury The identification of Saturn with the jackal-headed figure turns out to correspond well with the ancient Egyptian mythology. It is accepted that the jackal-headed figure on ancient Egyptian drawings represents the god Anubis 17 (see Figure 5.33), which is, according to the Pyramid Texts, the main god of the dead 18 . On the other hand, Saturn was also considered to be a god of the dead 19 , what was also stressed on the medieval representations of Saturn by the presence of a scythe as its attribute (see for example Figure 5.30). Moreover, it is believed that Anubis was sometimes identified with the Greek god Hermes, who was the conductor of the dead to Hades. But Hermes was often identified with the Roman Mercury 20 . Therefore, Anubis on Egyptian zodiacs could symbolize Saturn as well as Mercury, and these two possibilities should always be considered. It follows from our calculations that indeed the jackal head on Egyptian zodiacs usually represents Saturn but sometimes it may also represent Mercury. For example, on the Big Esna zodiac, it is Mercury symbolized by a figure with a jackal head. It is possible that on the Color Thebes zodiac (OU), Mercury also has a jackal head, while Saturn has an ibis head. Since, in the astronomical solution obtained for this zodiac Saturn and Mercury were very close one to another, the other combination can not be dismissed (see Figure 5.28 (OU)). N.A. Morozov believed that Egyptian god Anubis was a symbol of Saturn 21 . It is clearly a situation where two possible meanings could be associated with the same jackal-headed figure, so Saturn and Mercury could be confused. There is some explanation for it. If we look at Figure 5.33, we notice that there is another god called Seth, with almost identical appearance as Anubis. Although the head of Seth is described by Egyptologists as an imaginary (composite) animal’s head, it is difficult not to see striking similarities to the head of Anubis. In our opinion these two figures have jackal heads. Seth is considered to be 14 See [25], p. 195, [33], p. 40, [34], p. 8. 15 [36], p. 96. 16 See [35], Vol. 1, pp. 24-25. 17 See [118], p. 19. 18 See [26], p. 49. 19 See [26], p. 488. 20 See [26], pp. 50, 151. 21 See [4], Vol. 6, pp. 653, 658, 678.
Figure 5.33: Egyptian “gods” — representations of planets on Egyptian zodiacs. (Taken from [9], p. 15) the god of destruction, or in other words, the embodiment of the necessary and creative element of violence and disorder within the ordered world. This description and the name Seth match well the character of Saturn. Therefore, jackal’s head had a dual meaning on Egyptian zodiacs. It could represent Saturn or Mercury. But, there is another symbol to which we can assign the same dual meaning. It is the head of ibis. The sacred ibis (Threskiornis aethiopica), of southern Arabia and Africa south of the Sahara, was a bird worshiped by ancient Egyptians. On Figure 5.34 we show a photo of ibis. The ancient Egyptian god with head of ibis is called Thoth (see Figure 5.33 and 5.23). It is believed that the Greeks identified Thoth with their god Hermes: The Greeks had adopted the Egyptian god Thoth into their pantheon under the name of Hermes. According to Clemens Alexandrinus, Thoth wrote forty two books, . . . only very small parts of these works remain in the writings of Stobaeus and others of that time. These . . . have been claimed by some authorities as post-Christian, because of their similarity to the works of Neo-platonic writers. 22 22 See [118], p. 67. 5.4 Planetary Symbols of the Main Horoscope 95 Figure 5.34: A photo of ibis. Figure 5.35: Egyptian “gods” Anubis and Thoth. (Taken from [112], p. 137) As we’ve already explained, Hermes was identified by Romans with Mercury. We will see that on Egyptian zodiacs Thoth sometimes symbolized Saturn. For example, Saturn on the Small Esna zodiac is shown as a procession of three male figures, one of them with the ibis head (see Figure 5.28 (EM)). As we already mentioned, probably Saturn has also the ibis head on the Color Thebes zodiac, but this figure also symbolize Mercury. Some researchers believe that Thoth and Seth were the names of the same ancient Egyptian “god” 23 23 See [39] or [37], II, pp. 78-80.
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It is commonly believed that 3000 y
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Preface We are all aware that histo
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Contents 1 The Problems of Historic
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CONTENTS vii 6.11 Best Points for t
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Chapter 1 The Problems of Historica
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”... the Christian chronographers
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Figure 1.4: Newton’s “The Chron
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We would like to point out a very i
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“... the same time intervals whic
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are given in contemporary literatur
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he conducted a mathematical and sta
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However, all these pecularities dis
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1.7 Controversy over the Ptolemy’
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the identifications made by F. Pete
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VOLUME Maximum 1 1584 1585 1586 Max
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The Holy Roman-German Empire (911-1
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80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 1.9
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−1700 1.9 Mathematical and Statis
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Chapter 2 Ancient Egyptian Zodiacs
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The Egyptian zodiacs contained spec
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2.1 Egyptian Zodiacs 33 Figure 2.6:
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Figure 2.9: Photograph of a fragmen
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Figure 2.11: Entrance to the Dender
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Figure 2.16: The “Small Esna Temp
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2.2 Problem of Astronomical Dating
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6.11 Best Points for the Planets an
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Later, in the subsequent chapters,
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7.1 Denderah and Esna Zodiacs as Pa
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152 7 The Dates Shown on the Monume
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Chapter 8 The Dates Shown on the Zo
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Figure 8.1: Flinders Petrie drawing
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8.1 The Athribis Zodiacs of Flinder
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Code Jupiter Saturn Mars A1 1 3 4 A
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scope, it would be a mistake to con
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we found out that the symbolism of
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• Mercury — in the middle of Aq
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points appear only in the fringe of
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8.1.12 Conclusions Our astronomical
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8.2 Brugsch’s Zodiac 229 Figure 8
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The file containing the input data
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Figure 8.11: The Color Thebes Zodia
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Let us look again at the figures st
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that all these three solutions are
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8.3.6 Conclusion: the Date Encoded
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Figure 8.15: Plans of the of the Pe
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Figure 8.18: The zodiac from the in
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8.4 Two Zodiacs from the Petosiris
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Figure 8.21: Murals inside the Peto
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Figure 8.25: Fragment of murals ins
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On the zodiac (P1) the order of the
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Figure 8.29: Color Annotated Inner
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and Saturn. Let us recall that the
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(1) A figure of an eye with wings,
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5) Variant P60: Clustered Central C
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200 1.0 11.0 8.0 2.5 1.0 6.0 ------
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ORDER OF PLANETS ON THE ECLIPTIC: J
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8.5 Dating of the Zodiac from the T
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• SUN — in Aquarius, Capricorn,
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9.1 General Picture of the Dates on
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276 9 Summary of the Astronomical D
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Bibliography [1] Fomenko, T. N., As
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 281 s priloжeniem “
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[173] V.V. Kalaxnikov, G.V. Hosovsk
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