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142 6 Method of Astronomical Determination of the Dates Encoded in Egyptian Zodiacs dence between the initial data and the solution, but we looked at such a solution that could be regarded as eventually satisfying the required conditions. If it was the case, we did not reject such a solution. For example, a planet was annotated on the Egyptian zodiac with a visibility attribute, while it was possible to confirm its visibility on the real sky only for a specific time of observations. Namely, either before the dawn or after the dusk. In such cases of a morning or evening visibility only, the related solution was not rejected. – The submersion of the Sun was measured in degrees in direction perpendicular to the local horizon. Let us point out, that the submersion of the Sun could in fact be much smaller than the actual distance (also measured in degrees) from the Sun to the planet which was at this moment on the horizon (either rising above it or setting down). Indeed, the shortest ark on the celestial sphere, joining the planet and the Sun, doesn’t need to be perpendicular to the horizon. Therefore, it is clear that using the distance from the Sun to a planet for verification of the visibility conditions can lead to a mistake. Considering the time difference between the rising (or setting down) of the Sun and the planet can also lead to an error. In fact, it may take sometimes longer sometimes shorter for the Sun to reach the horizon from the positions with the same submersion behind the horizon. It depends on the angle between the ecliptic and the local horizon, which is different at different locations on the Earth. This angle varies with the latitude of the place of observations. [C] Accordance with the Partial Horoscopes. We required that the symbolic description of every partial horoscope, present on the Egyptian zodiac, should be in full agreement with the real astronomical situation on the sky, which occured near the corresponding equinox or solstice point for the year indicated by the considered solution. It turned out in practice, that this was a very strong requirement, which could never be satisfied by a random solution. For our purposes it was sufficient to have one or two non-trivial partial horoscopes in order to eliminate all the wrong solutions. (Let us recall that sometimes the partial horoscopes shown on the Egyptian zodiac may be trivial, i.e. any solution will always satisfy them). – In general, the verification of the solutions, with respect to the partial horoscopes, depends strongly on the convention when, according to the creators of the zodiac, the beginning of the year was taking place. For example, if the obtained solution indicated the spring date for the main horoscope, than in order to check its requirements related to the partial horoscope of the winter solstice, we had to proceed in different ways, depending when was the beginning of the year. If the beginning of the year was in September, we analyzed the winter solstice that took place in December preceding the main date. Or, if the beginning of the year was in January, then we looked at the winter solstice that occurred in December following the main date (i.e. in December of the same year). – We have already mentioned earlier, that according to all the indications, the beginning of the year used on the Egyptian zodiacs was in September. However, we shouldn’t exclude a possibility that, on certain zodiacs, the beginning of the year may turn out to be in March or January. Therefore, in our verification of the solutions with respect to the partial horoscopes, we considered all the possible conventions for the beginning of the year. We did it as follows: first we were assuming that the beginning of the year was in September, and if the solution failed to agree with the partial horoscopes, other beginnings of the year were also considered. However, for all the obtained final solutions the beginning of the year turned out to be in September. 6.8 Color-Annotated Zodiacs At the first glance, this Egyptian zodiac looks like a complicated and confusing collection of symbols. Only after long and careful analysis of its contents it becomes clear that it is indeed an astronomical chart. In previous chapters we’ve described the main features of an Egyptian zodiac. It turned out that a usual Egyptian zodiac is composed of several symbolic “layers,” each of them carrying its own “load” of information. With some time and a little patience, an experienced eye becomes able to distinguish those symbols on an Egyptian zodiac, which belong to the same layer. Only then, the meaning of the zodiac becomes understandable. In order to make easier for the reader to recognize different symbolic layers on Egyptian zodiacs, we will use the so called color-annotated zodiacs. Let us explain what it is about. A color-annotated zodiac is the first concrete result of the initial stage of the analysis of an Egyptian zodiac. At this stage we identify the symbols representing zodiacal constellations, planets, partial horoscopes, etc. However, at this stage, it is still not fully determined what exactly each of these symbols represents. For example, it is still uncertain what exactly is the planet represented by a certain planetary symbol on the zodiac, or what is the meaning of the symbols shown in a partial horoscope. More precisely, a color-annotated zodiac is a drawing of an Egyptian zodiac, on which astronomical symbols, related to different symbolic levels, were marked using different colors. The colors were chosen arbitrarily, without any relation to the actual meaning of the zodiac. These colors are: (1) Red — Figures of the Zodiacal Constellations. We used this color to partition the astronomical chart, shown on an Egyptian zodiac, into zodiacal constellations.
(2) Yellow – Symbols of the Planets in the Main Horoscope. This part of the horoscope is the actual encoding of the date shown of the zodiac. A distribution of the planets among the zodiacal constellations represents a horoscope, which is the way ancient Egyptians were recording the dates using this symbolic “celestial calendar.” However, at this point, we are not completely sure what exactly is the horoscope shown on the zodiac. In order to decode the horoscope, we need to identify among these symbols all the seven planets of the antiquity. This is much more complicated task than just a simple recognition of the planetary symbols, which can be usually identified by their attributes, for example — the planetary walking sticks (see the previous chapters). Assigning the “roles” to these planetary figures is not always easy and straight forward process. Nevertheless, just by looking at the color-annotated zodiac, it is quite easy to see some possible variants of decoding of the main horoscope on this zodiac. (3) Light-Blue — Symbols of the Partial Horoscopes. Here we are talking about the symbols of the equinoxes and solstices, surrounded by the partial horoscopes, together with the planetary symbols in these horoscopes. We’ve already discussed in the previous chapters the symbols of the partial horoscopes. (4) Brown — Symbols of the Decans. These symbols divides each zodiacal constellation into three parts, each of them occupying a sector of about 10 o on the ecliptic. This can be considered as an explanation of the name “decan,” which was introduced by N.A. Morozov 23 . These symbols are present on the Long Denderah zodiac, where they are shown in form of female figures (see section 5.2). However, the existence of decans doesn’t necessarily mean that the precision of the planetary locations shown on a zodiac is three times higher — up to 10 o instead of 30 o . The precision of the Long zodiac is still up to 30 o , in spite of the presence of decans (see the discussion of this problem in section 5.2). (5) Green — the Symbols Accompanying the Planetary Figures of the Main Horoscope, and the Supplementary Astronomical Symbols. Examples of such symbols were discussed in section 5.9. (6) Uncolored Symbols. In this way are shown all the symbols with unknown or unclear meaning to us. We also left uncolored the symbols which had no apparent connection with the encoded in the zodiac date. In the case of a symbol, for which it was not fully clear to what layer it belongs, it was divided in parts and colored using different colors, depending on the layers it could be related to. The resulting from it possible interpretations of the symbols, were added to the collection of all the admissible variants of decoding for the zodiac. The pictures of the color-annotated zodiacs will be shown in sections dealing with the dating of the individual zodiacs. 23 See [4], Vol.6. 6.9 Conclusive Determination of the Main Date. Final (Complete) Solutions. 143 6.9 Conclusive Determination of the Main Date. Final (Complete) Solutions. As a consequence of applying the presented in the previous section method, we could conclude that either all the preliminary solutions were rejected, or there was exactly one solution selected, except of some rare cases, where there was more than one solution left. This was the case with certain very “poor” or damaged zodiacs. Obtained in this way, for an Egyptian zodiac, solution we will be called the final or complete solution. If on an Egyptian zodiac at the preliminary stage (Step 1), the main horoscope was decoded correctly (at least in one of the considered variants), then as the results of the computations there was always a unique final solution obtained for this horoscope. It turned out to became a kind of a rule that all the final solutions coincided perfectly with the astronomical pictures shown on the zodiacs. If in the case, for which all the considered variants of decoding were incorrect for a zodiac with at least one non-trivial partial horoscope, there was not even one final solution found. The incorrect decodings were basically the consequences of the hidden symbols or conventions, which remained at that stage unknown to us. In such cases we had to return to the Step 1 and continue our work on the decoding of the zodiac. Let us emphasize the most important outcome of our research: our procedure for decoding and the astronomical dating of the Egyptian zodiacs, in the most cases, allowed us to determine uniquely the date that was encoded in the main horoscope — the ancient “celestial calendar.” As we will see in the next chapters, all these dates turned out to be medieval. 6.10 Constellation-Sized Scale of The Zodiacal Belt Let us discuss one more aspect of our method for the astronomical dating of the Egyptian zodiacs. As we’ve explained it earlier, the results of the preliminary decoding of an Egyptian zodiac were formulated as one or more variants for its decoding of the main horoscope, i.e. the descriptions of the planetary locations with respect to the zodiacal constellations. It is the horoscope that carries the investigated by us date encoded by means of the “celestial calendar.” In the subsequent step, every identified variant of decoding was worked out using the program Horos. It is clear that all the identified variants of the main horoscope do not provide precise information about the planetary locations. For example, it is not possible to determine exactly in what part of a zodiacal constellation a particular planet was
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It is commonly believed that 3000 y
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Preface We are all aware that histo
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Contents 1 The Problems of Historic
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CONTENTS vii 6.11 Best Points for t
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Chapter 1 The Problems of Historica
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”... the Christian chronographers
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Figure 1.4: Newton’s “The Chron
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We would like to point out a very i
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“... the same time intervals whic
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are given in contemporary literatur
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he conducted a mathematical and sta
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However, all these pecularities dis
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1.7 Controversy over the Ptolemy’
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the identifications made by F. Pete
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VOLUME Maximum 1 1584 1585 1586 Max
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The Holy Roman-German Empire (911-1
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80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 1.9
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−1700 1.9 Mathematical and Statis
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Chapter 2 Ancient Egyptian Zodiacs
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The Egyptian zodiacs contained spec
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2.1 Egyptian Zodiacs 33 Figure 2.6:
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Figure 2.9: Photograph of a fragmen
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Figure 2.11: Entrance to the Dender
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Figure 2.16: The “Small Esna Temp
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2.2 Problem of Astronomical Dating
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2.2 Problem of Astronomical Dating
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Figure 2.26: Photo of an Egyptian z
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Round Denderah zodiac. In Figure 2.
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Figure 2.35: A fragment of the Long
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2.5 Our Abbreviations for Egyptian
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Chapter 3 Previous Attempts of Astr
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Figure 3.2: The original table with
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As the picture of the Long zodiac,
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to be unique on the whole historica
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zodiacs is 98 years, so they could
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3.4 Brugsch’s Zodiac 63 Figure 3.
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Figure 3.15: Brugsch’s zodiac wit
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Chapter 4 New Approach to Decoding
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Figure 4.2: Fragment of the Long De
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Figure 4.8: Two symbols of “meeti
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4.3 Egyptian Zodiacs as Astronomica
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Chapter 5 Symbolism on Egyptian Zod
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Figure 5.3: Representations of Taur
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Figure 5.9: Nonalignment of Cancer
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5.1.6 Virgo Now, we move to the nex
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Figure 5.16: Representations of Cap
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5.2 Symbols of Decans and Principal
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Figure 5.20: Enlarged fragment of t
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5.4 Planetary Symbols of the Main H
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Page 127 and 128: Figure 5.64: Visible (marked in lig
Page 129 and 130: 5.8 Symbols of Equinoxes and Solsti
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192 7 The Dates Shown on the Monume
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Chapter 8 The Dates Shown on the Zo
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Figure 8.1: Flinders Petrie drawing
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8.1 The Athribis Zodiacs of Flinder
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Code Jupiter Saturn Mars A1 1 3 4 A
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scope, it would be a mistake to con
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we found out that the symbolism of
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• Mercury — in the middle of Aq
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points appear only in the fringe of
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8.1.12 Conclusions Our astronomical
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8.2 Brugsch’s Zodiac 229 Figure 8
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The file containing the input data
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Figure 8.11: The Color Thebes Zodia
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Let us look again at the figures st
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that all these three solutions are
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8.3.6 Conclusion: the Date Encoded
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Figure 8.15: Plans of the of the Pe
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Figure 8.18: The zodiac from the in
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8.4 Two Zodiacs from the Petosiris
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Figure 8.21: Murals inside the Peto
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Figure 8.25: Fragment of murals ins
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On the zodiac (P1) the order of the
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Figure 8.29: Color Annotated Inner
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and Saturn. Let us recall that the
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(1) A figure of an eye with wings,
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5) Variant P60: Clustered Central C
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200 1.0 11.0 8.0 2.5 1.0 6.0 ------
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ORDER OF PLANETS ON THE ECLIPTIC: J
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8.5 Dating of the Zodiac from the T
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• SUN — in Aquarius, Capricorn,
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9.1 General Picture of the Dates on
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276 9 Summary of the Astronomical D
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Bibliography [1] Fomenko, T. N., As
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 281 s priloжeniem “
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[173] V.V. Kalaxnikov, G.V. Hosovsk
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