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188 7 The Dates Shown on the Monumental Zodiacs in the Denderah and Esna Temples Figure 7.34: The final variant of decoding for the main horoscope on the Big Esna zodiac, which resulted in a complete solution. We encircled the groups of figures related to the planetary symbols (marked in yellow) on the main horoscope. ets for the days shown on the main horoscope (see the color annotated Big zodiac on Figure 7.33, where all the “doubles” are marked in green). Mars and Mercury on March 31 – April 3, 1394, were located almost at the same latitude, i.e. nearly at the same place on the ecliptic. In this case, on the zodiac, these two planets could be displayed in any order. The planets on the Big zodiac are shown in the following order: Jupiter, Venus, Mars, Mercury (see Figure 7.34). At the days indicated by the solution, at the time Venus, Mars and Mercury were rising, the Sun was submerged behind the horizon at least 14 o (SUH= 14 o ), what practically was a complete darkness. All these planets were well visible before the dawn during the days of our solution, as well as in earlier days. Moreover, one week earlier than the dates indicated by the main horoscope, on March 25, 1394, all three planets — Venus, Mars and Mercury met at one point on the sky. At that moment the distance from Mercury to Mars, and from Mercury to Venus was only 3 minutes of latitude and the brightness of Venus was M = −3.5, the brightness of Mercury was M = +0.7, and of Mars was M = +1.3. With such large values of brightness, especially the brightness of Venus, and with such small distances separating these planets, they all appeared to an Earth based observer watching the sky by naked eye, as an unusually bright spot. Without doubt, it Figure 7.36: The close meeting of Mercury (M = +0.7), Mars (M = +1.3) and Venus (M = −3.6), before the dawn in the morning on March 25, 1394 A.D. in Cairo. (The computations were obtain using the program Turbo-Sky) was an impressive astronomical event. The submersion of the Sun under the horizon at the moment of rising this “triple star” was about 14 o , so it was still the night. On Figure 7.36, we show the configuration of the Sun, Mercury, Mars and Venus, on March 25, 1394, before the dawn in Cairo. At that time the Sun was submerged 10 o under the horizon. Let us point out, that the Big Esna horoscope was compiled based on the planetary locations after the occurrence of
this bright astronomical event. The first date of the solution coincide with the reappearance of Jupiter and the last one with the New Moon, that were subsequent to the merger of the three planets. It was exactly one week after the merger, on March 31 when Jupiter became visible, and on April 3, when the New Moon reappear again, which are exactly the dates of our solution. Consequently, our solution perfectly agrees with the situation shown on the Big Esna zodiac. Julian day (JD) = 2230306.00 Year/Month/Day = 1394/3/31 Sun Moon Saturn Jupiter Mars Venus Mercury 27.2 o 378.6 o 214.8 o 373.6 o 359.7 o 362.8 o 359.8 o 0.02 11.80 5.98 11.68 11.33 11.41 11.33 Ari/Pis Pisces Vir/Lib Pisces Pisces Pisces Pisces Mean Distance from the Best Points= 14 o Julian day (JD) = 2230307.00 Year/Month/Day = 1394/4/1 Sun Moon Saturn Jupiter Mars Venus Mercury 28.1 o 31.7 o 214.7 o 373.8 o 360.5 o 364.0 o 360.8 o 0.06 0.21 5.98 11.68 11.35 11.44 11.36 Ari/Pis Pisces Vir/Lib Pisces Pisces Pisces Pisces Mean Distance from the Best Points= 13 o Julian day (JD) = 2230308.00 Year/Month/Day = 1394/4/2 Sun Moon Saturn Jupiter Mars Venus Mercury 29.1 o 44.6 o 214.7 o 374.0 o 361.2 o 365.2 o 361.8 o 0.10 0.72 5.98 11.69 11.37 11.47 11.38 Ari/Pis Pisces Vir/Lib Pisces Pisces Pisces Pisces Mean Distance from the Best Points= 11.5 o Julian day (JD) = 2230309.00 Year/Month/Day = 1394/4/3 Sun Moon Saturn Jupiter Mars Venus Mercury 30.1 o 57.3 o 214.6 o 374.3 o 362.0 o 366.4 o 362.8 o 0.14 1.15 5.98 11.69 11.39 11.50 11.41 Ari/Pis Pisces Vir/Lib Pisces Pisces Pisces Pisces Mean Distance from the Best Points= 11 o Table 7.11: Planetary Positions in the Period March 31 – April 3, 1394 In Table 7.11, we list the calculated positions of the planets during the days from March 31 till April 3, 1394 A.D., where the dates correspond to the Julian calendar (year/month/day). We have indicated the Julian day that was used in the astronomical computations 37 (see section 6.4). 37 See [27], p.316. 7.5 Decoding the Date from the Big Esna Zodiac 189 The locations of the planets are specified by their longitudes in degrees on the J2000 ecliptic (in the first row) and in coordinates on the constellation scale (in the second row — see section 6.10). The names of constellations, in which a planet was located on the specified date, are placed in the third row. The astronomical New Moon took place in the days from March 31 till April 2, 1394, i.e. during these days the Moon wasn’t visible on the sky. Then, on April 3, the Moon reappeared in Taurus almost at the same location as Pleiades (according to the computations done using the program Turbo- Sky). The best resemblance to the situation shown on the Big Esna zodiac was realized on April 3, 1394, when the Moon reappeared in Pleiades inside the Taurus constellation. On the Big zodiac, the Moon is shown on the back of Taurus. On April 3, the mean distance from the best points was only 11 o , which is barely one third of the average length of a zodiacal constellation. Let us remind, that the mean distance from the best points of value 15 o , which is about half of the length of an average constellation, is already considered as an indicator of a good correspondence between the figure on the zodiac and the astronomical picture on the sky. 7.5.7 Checkup list for the Big Esna Zodiac Final Solution In this subsection we present the results of the verification of the final solution (i.e. March 31 – April 3, 1394) obtained for the Big Esna zodiac, with respect to the additional information shown on the zodiac, including the partial horoscopes and the visibility/invisibility attributes. On Figure 7.37, we present the check-up list for this solution. Let us recall that a solution is called full or complete if a full correspondence between the information on the zodiac and the astronomical situation at the time indicated by the solution can be confirmed (see subsection 6.14). Column 1: VISIBILITY OF JUPITER. As it turned out in the solution, all the planets were very close to the Sun, therefore it was possible that some of them were not visible. According to the Big zodiac, the figure representing Jupiter has no disk on its head, thus Jupiter should be visible on the days of the solution. Let us recall that in the case of the Esna zodiacs, the presence of a disk on the head of a figure representing planet indicates its invisibility (see our discussion above). Let us recall that on the days of our solution Jupiter was well visible. Indeed, on March 31, 1394, it raised in Cairo, when the Sun was submerged 7 o under the horizon (in Luxor it was 8 o ), and its brightness was at that time M = −1.5, which was the same as the brightness of Sirius — the one of brightest star on the sky. Such a submersion of the Sun was already sufficient for Jupiter to become visible, so it was its first day of visibility. In the subsequent days Jupiter the submersion of the Sun was even larger at the moment Jupiter was rising, so it was even better visible. In fact, on April 3, 1394, Jupiter raised in Cairo with SUH=8.5 o , while in Luxor SUH = 10 o . Consequently, we can annotate the first column
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It is commonly believed that 3000 y
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Preface We are all aware that histo
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Contents 1 The Problems of Historic
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CONTENTS vii 6.11 Best Points for t
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Chapter 1 The Problems of Historica
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”... the Christian chronographers
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Figure 1.4: Newton’s “The Chron
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We would like to point out a very i
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“... the same time intervals whic
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are given in contemporary literatur
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he conducted a mathematical and sta
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However, all these pecularities dis
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1.7 Controversy over the Ptolemy’
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the identifications made by F. Pete
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VOLUME Maximum 1 1584 1585 1586 Max
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The Holy Roman-German Empire (911-1
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80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 1.9
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−1700 1.9 Mathematical and Statis
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Chapter 2 Ancient Egyptian Zodiacs
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The Egyptian zodiacs contained spec
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2.1 Egyptian Zodiacs 33 Figure 2.6:
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Figure 2.9: Photograph of a fragmen
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Figure 2.11: Entrance to the Dender
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Figure 2.16: The “Small Esna Temp
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2.2 Problem of Astronomical Dating
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2.2 Problem of Astronomical Dating
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Figure 2.26: Photo of an Egyptian z
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Round Denderah zodiac. In Figure 2.
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Figure 2.35: A fragment of the Long
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2.5 Our Abbreviations for Egyptian
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Chapter 3 Previous Attempts of Astr
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Figure 3.2: The original table with
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As the picture of the Long zodiac,
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to be unique on the whole historica
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zodiacs is 98 years, so they could
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3.4 Brugsch’s Zodiac 63 Figure 3.
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Figure 3.15: Brugsch’s zodiac wit
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Chapter 4 New Approach to Decoding
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Figure 4.2: Fragment of the Long De
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Figure 4.8: Two symbols of “meeti
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4.3 Egyptian Zodiacs as Astronomica
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Chapter 5 Symbolism on Egyptian Zod
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Figure 5.3: Representations of Taur
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Figure 5.9: Nonalignment of Cancer
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5.1.6 Virgo Now, we move to the nex
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Figure 5.16: Representations of Cap
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5.2 Symbols of Decans and Principal
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Figure 5.20: Enlarged fragment of t
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5.4 Planetary Symbols of the Main H
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their huge work was made by N.A. Mo
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In order to explain this answer, le
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Figure 5.33: Egyptian “gods”
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of Mars during the first stage, and
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of Venus, as a lioness, is more com
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Figure 5.44: Planets on the Inner P
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Figure 5.48: The god Janus on a Rom
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Midnight Culminating Constellation
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pearance. For example, some planeta
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Let us resume that in this partial
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Figure 5.64: Visible (marked in lig
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5.8 Symbols of Equinoxes and Solsti
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Figure 5.69: Figure of Sagittarius
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the wings on each side (see Figure
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Figure 5.75: The fringe of figures
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is the sitting child with a hand ne
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ecause Saturn moves very slowly, wh
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Chapter 6 Method of Astronomical De
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However, still it is possible to de
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In this way, the daily rotation of
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Page 149 and 150: meaning of the ancient astronomical
Page 151 and 152: 6.7.3 Step 3: Validation of Dates B
Page 153 and 154: (2) Yellow - Symbols of the Planets
Page 155 and 156: 6.11 Best Points for the Planets an
Page 157: Later, in the subsequent chapters,
Page 160 and 161: 7.1 Denderah and Esna Zodiacs as Pa
Page 162 and 163: 152 7 The Dates Shown on the Monume
Page 221 and 222: Chapter 8 The Dates Shown on the Zo
Page 223 and 224: Figure 8.1: Flinders Petrie drawing
Page 225 and 226: 8.1 The Athribis Zodiacs of Flinder
Page 227 and 228: Code Jupiter Saturn Mars A1 1 3 4 A
Page 229 and 230: scope, it would be a mistake to con
Page 231 and 232: we found out that the symbolism of
Page 233 and 234: • Mercury — in the middle of Aq
Page 235 and 236: points appear only in the fringe of
Page 237 and 238: 8.1.12 Conclusions Our astronomical
Page 239 and 240: 8.2 Brugsch’s Zodiac 229 Figure 8
Page 241 and 242: The file containing the input data
Page 243 and 244: Figure 8.11: The Color Thebes Zodia
Page 245 and 246: Let us look again at the figures st
Page 247 and 248: that all these three solutions are
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8.3.6 Conclusion: the Date Encoded
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Figure 8.15: Plans of the of the Pe
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Figure 8.18: The zodiac from the in
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8.4 Two Zodiacs from the Petosiris
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Figure 8.21: Murals inside the Peto
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Figure 8.25: Fragment of murals ins
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On the zodiac (P1) the order of the
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Figure 8.29: Color Annotated Inner
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and Saturn. Let us recall that the
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(1) A figure of an eye with wings,
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5) Variant P60: Clustered Central C
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200 1.0 11.0 8.0 2.5 1.0 6.0 ------
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ORDER OF PLANETS ON THE ECLIPTIC: J
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8.5 Dating of the Zodiac from the T
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• SUN — in Aquarius, Capricorn,
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9.1 General Picture of the Dates on
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276 9 Summary of the Astronomical D
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Bibliography [1] Fomenko, T. N., As
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 281 s priloжeniem “
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[173] V.V. Kalaxnikov, G.V. Hosovsk
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