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46 2 Ancient Egyptian Zodiacs Figure 2.28: The same fragment of the Round zodiac in the Napoleonic Album and on a photo. Figure 2.29: Fragment of the Long Denderah zodiac. Photograph taken by G.V. Nosovsky in 2002 Figure 2.30: Another fragment of the Long Denderah zodiac. Photograph taken by G.V. Nosovsky in 2002 “Goddess Nut” from the Round Denderah zodiac, one from the Napoleonic Album, another a recent photo. It is evident that in the Napoleonic drawing this female figure is looking much like an 18th century beauty, but in the same time, her pose and position are displayed very accurately. Let us notice that on the original relief, the “Goddess Nut” is naked while on the Napoleonic drawing she appears dressed in a transparent attire, which however was made to be imperceptible as much as possible. Nevertheless, her face is most probably a pure fantasy of the artist who made this drawing. On the original there is only a contour of a completely unrecognizable face. On Figure 2.28 we compare the same fragment of the Round Denderah zodiac on a modern photograph and on a drawing in the Napoleonic Album. Notice that the drawing Figure 2.31: Example of some exceptional mistakes in the Napoleonic picture of the Round Denderah zodiac. On the left modern drawing based on a photograph, in the middle and on the right two drawings from the Napoleonic Album is highly precise, nonetheless the figures on the drawing are clearly improved. For example, the faces of the figures on the drawing exhibit more details than they really have on the original. No doubt that they were made more beautiful. We would like to point out that there are some errors in the Napoleonic Album, which at the first glance may seem to be inessential but in fact can be crucial for the correct decoding of the zodiac. On Figure 2.31 we present a fragment of the Round Denderah Zodiac on three different pictures. On the left, there is a precise modern drawing, made based on a photograph, followed by two pictures of the same fragment from the Napoleonic Album. Notice that the male figure with a walking stick in the center of the picture should touch with his feet the top of the spike held in the hand of Virgo. This detail is very important for the exact understanding of the astronomical meaning of the whole composition. Figure 2.32: Photograph of a fragment of the Round Denderah zodiac. (Taken from [9], p.165) On Figure 2.32, we present a photograph of the same fragment from which one can see its exact appearance on the
Round Denderah zodiac. In Figure 2.31, the modern drawing 15 , shown on the left, seems to be very precise. Therefore, we have decided to conduct our analysis based mostly on this drawing. However, we also verified all the details on the photographs made by Prof. Y.V. Tatarinov. Figure 2.33: Fragment of the Round zodiac from the Napoleonic Album. There is another important detail which was altered in the Napoleonic Album. Look at Figure 2.33 showing a part of the same fragment as in Figure 2.31 taken from the Napoleonic Album. The figure in the center with a walking stick represents a planet. Over it’s head there is star and above it there is a curved snake. However, on the original zodiac in that place there is no symbol of a snake, but instead, there are three hieroglyphs (see Figure 2.34). The meaning of the three hieroglyphs 16 is in fact the name “SBK” standing for “Sebek”, which according to Brugsch is the Egyptian name of Mercury 17 . Notice that in ancient Egyptian hieroglyphical writing there were no vowels. We didn’t have access to many modern photos of other Egyptian zodiacs, but fortunately their composition is less complicated than the Round zodiac and we trust that the Napoleonic pictures are reliable copies. For example, the Long Zodiac on the Napoleonic picture seems to be very precise, however, some 15 Taken from [10], p. 71. 16 See [109] 17 See [4], Vol. 6, p. 697. 2.4 Pictures of Egyptian Zodiacs used for Dating in this Book 47 Figure 2.34: Fragment of the Round zodiac. (Taken from [10], p. 29) minuscule differences still can be identified. On Figure 2.35, we compare a fragment of the Long zodiac with its representations taken from the Napoleonic Album. From this figure we can conclude that in general the Napoleonic picture of the Long zodiac is highly precise. Nevertheless, it’s possible to list several minor differences: • Over the head of the first female figure standing on the right from the sign of PISCES there is a rectangular frame. Inside this frame on the original, there is a falcon head which is missing in the Napoleonic picture. • Over the head of the female figure standing on the left from PISCES there is a symbol of a star. This symbol which is not so noticeable was omitted on the Napoleonic picture. Maybe the artist was not able to recognize this symbol. • The rectangular frame above the head of the male figure with a walking stick (on the right from PISCES) there is a symbol of falcon, but on the Napoleonic picture there is a bird definitely different than falcon. • The same male figure is holding in his right hand an Egyptian cross with handle. This cross is also omitted on the Napoleonic picture. Drawings of the both Esna zodiacs were included in the Napoleonic Album. In 2001, at the time we were dating the Esna zodiacs for the first time, we were not able to find other pictures or photographs of these zodiacs, and we were forced
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It is commonly believed that 3000 y
Page 5 and 6: Preface We are all aware that histo
Page 7 and 8: Contents 1 The Problems of Historic
Page 9 and 10: CONTENTS vii 6.11 Best Points for t
Page 11 and 12: Chapter 1 The Problems of Historica
Page 13 and 14: ”... the Christian chronographers
Page 15 and 16: Figure 1.4: Newton’s “The Chron
Page 17 and 18: We would like to point out a very i
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Page 27 and 28: 1.7 Controversy over the Ptolemy’
Page 29 and 30: the identifications made by F. Pete
Page 31 and 32: VOLUME Maximum 1 1584 1585 1586 Max
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Page 37 and 38: −1700 1.9 Mathematical and Statis
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 2 Ancient Egyptian Zodiacs
Page 41 and 42: The Egyptian zodiacs contained spec
Page 43 and 44: 2.1 Egyptian Zodiacs 33 Figure 2.6:
Page 45 and 46: Figure 2.9: Photograph of a fragmen
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.11: Entrance to the Dender
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2.16: The “Small Esna Temp
Page 51 and 52: 2.2 Problem of Astronomical Dating
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Page 61 and 62: 2.5 Our Abbreviations for Egyptian
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Page 83 and 84: 4.3 Egyptian Zodiacs as Astronomica
Page 85 and 86: Chapter 5 Symbolism on Egyptian Zod
Page 87 and 88: Figure 5.3: Representations of Taur
Page 89 and 90: Figure 5.9: Nonalignment of Cancer
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Page 93 and 94: Figure 5.16: Representations of Cap
Page 95 and 96: 5.2 Symbols of Decans and Principal
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5.4 Planetary Symbols of the Main H
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of Mars during the first stage, and
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of Venus, as a lioness, is more com
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Figure 5.44: Planets on the Inner P
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Figure 5.48: The god Janus on a Rom
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Midnight Culminating Constellation
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pearance. For example, some planeta
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Let us resume that in this partial
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Figure 5.64: Visible (marked in lig
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5.8 Symbols of Equinoxes and Solsti
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Figure 5.69: Figure of Sagittarius
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the wings on each side (see Figure
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Figure 5.75: The fringe of figures
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is the sitting child with a hand ne
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ecause Saturn moves very slowly, wh
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Chapter 6 Method of Astronomical De
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However, still it is possible to de
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In this way, the daily rotation of
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Zodiacal Interval on the ecliptic C
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meaning of the ancient astronomical
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6.7.3 Step 3: Validation of Dates B
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(2) Yellow - Symbols of the Planets
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6.11 Best Points for the Planets an
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Later, in the subsequent chapters,
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7.1 Denderah and Esna Zodiacs as Pa
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152 7 The Dates Shown on the Monume
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Chapter 8 The Dates Shown on the Zo
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Figure 8.1: Flinders Petrie drawing
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8.1 The Athribis Zodiacs of Flinder
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Code Jupiter Saturn Mars A1 1 3 4 A
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scope, it would be a mistake to con
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we found out that the symbolism of
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• Mercury — in the middle of Aq
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points appear only in the fringe of
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8.1.12 Conclusions Our astronomical
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8.2 Brugsch’s Zodiac 229 Figure 8
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The file containing the input data
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Figure 8.11: The Color Thebes Zodia
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Let us look again at the figures st
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that all these three solutions are
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8.3.6 Conclusion: the Date Encoded
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Figure 8.15: Plans of the of the Pe
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Figure 8.18: The zodiac from the in
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8.4 Two Zodiacs from the Petosiris
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Figure 8.21: Murals inside the Peto
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Figure 8.25: Fragment of murals ins
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On the zodiac (P1) the order of the
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Figure 8.29: Color Annotated Inner
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and Saturn. Let us recall that the
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(1) A figure of an eye with wings,
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5) Variant P60: Clustered Central C
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200 1.0 11.0 8.0 2.5 1.0 6.0 ------
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ORDER OF PLANETS ON THE ECLIPTIC: J
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8.5 Dating of the Zodiac from the T
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• SUN — in Aquarius, Capricorn,
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9.1 General Picture of the Dates on
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276 9 Summary of the Astronomical D
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Bibliography [1] Fomenko, T. N., As
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 281 s priloжeniem “
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[173] V.V. Kalaxnikov, G.V. Hosovsk
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