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146 6 Method of Astronomical Determination of the Dates Encoded in Egyptian Zodiacs There was no need for even slightest calculations in order to create the input data — all these values were retrieved directly form the zodiac. The conversion of the data from the constellation-sized scale to the ecliptic longitude in degrees, were done by the program Horos. SAMPLE INPUT FILE: INPUT.TXT INPUT DATA FOR TH PROGRAM FOR COMPUTATIONS OF THE HOROSCOPE DATES -----------------------DATA------------------------- SUN MOON SATURN JUPITER MARS VENUS MERCURY # FROM: -------------------------------------------# 11.0 6.0 9.0 11.0 10.0 0.0 0.0 # TO: ---------------------------------------------# 1.0 8.0 11.0 1.0 12.0 2.0 2.0 # BEST POINTS: ------------------------------------# 11.5 7.5 9.5 12.0 11.0 0.5 1.0 --------------------END OF DATA--------------------- Comments can be added to the file INPUT.TXT, however, the lines beginning with the symbol #, preceding the lines containing the data, should be left unaltered. Moreover, no other lines, than those three, in the file INPUT.TXT, should begin with the symbol #, nor the order of the data should be changed. 6.14 Check-up List for an Astronomical Solution For every solution, obtained as a result of the astronomical computations done by the program Horos, we created a special table. In this table we compared the properties of the solution with the features shown on the Egyptian zodiac, which were not examined during the verification process of the admissible solutions in Step 2 (see section 6.7). In particular, the following properties of the solutions were examined: • Visibility Attributes for Venus, Mercury and other planets, which were located in the proximity of the Sun on the main horoscope (see section 5.7). • Agreement with Four Partial Horoscopes of the autumn equinox, winter solstice, spring equinox, and the summer solstice (see sections 5.5, 5.6, and 5.8). • Agreement with Additional Astronomical Symbols and Supplementary Scenes, which are present on the Egyptian zodiac (see section 5.9). This verification was conducted with the help of a Checkup List, which was set up in a form of a table for every admissible solution. This table had six, or possible even more columns, with the following contents: (1) VISIBILITY OF VENUS in the main horoscope. (2) VISIBILITY OF MERCURY in the main horoscope. (3) PARTIAL HOROSCOPE OF THE AUTUMN EQUINOX. (4) PARTIAL HOROSCOPE OF THE WINTER SOLSTICE. (5) PARTIAL HOROSCOPE OF THE SPRING EQUINOX. (6) PARTIAL HOROSCOPE OF THE SUMMER SOLSTICE. (7) SUPPLEMENTARY SCENE OF THE PASCHAL FULL MOON. This column was reserved only for those zodiacs, where there was a disc in Libra, or other symbols that could be interpreted as representations of the Paschal Moon. For some Egyptian zodiacs, depending on the presence of the additional astronomical symbols or supplementary scenes, the number of the columns in the checkup table was even further extended. In each column, we included a short description of the corresponding chart of the sky, related to the examined solution. If the picture on the chart fully agreed with the situation presented on the Egyptian zodiac, the column was annotated with the sign +. If the full correspondence between the solution and the zodiac couldn’t be confirmed, we annotated the column with the sign −. In questionable cases, where some doubt still existed, we annotated such column with the sign ±. By a complete or ideal solution we understand such final solution, for which all the columns of its checkup table are annotated with plus signs only. Only such solutions were accepted as final solutions, while all other solutions were rejected. Let us emphasize, that we did not expect in the beginning of our research that it would be possible to find complete (ideal) solutions for all investigated Egyptian zodiacs. In fact, it could happen that our requirements were overstated for the actual ability of ancient artists and astronomers to achieve expected from the zodiac accuracy. Clearly, in such case, it wouldn’t be possible to obtain ideal solutions for all the zodiacs. On the other hand, if the requirements imposed on an ideal (complete) solutions were too low, then at least for some zodiacs there would be more than one ideal solution. But neither one of these two eventualities occurred in our case. Contrary to our expectations, the results were surprisingly good. For all investigated by us Egyptian zodiacs, always only one admissible solution turned out to be ideal. Therefore, we can say that this method allows a unique dating of practically all Egyptian zodiacs, except the zodiacs with very poor astronomical content or those that are badly damaged. Moreover, for every investigated zodiac, there were always several solutions satisfying almost all the requirements from the checkup list, with possibly one or two −/± annotations. Nevertheless, there was always only one solution with all the plus signs.
Later, in the subsequent chapters, we will present the checkup tables for all the ideal solutions of the specific Egyptian zodiacs. In this tables we will use the following abbreviations: 1. SUH — the submersion of the Sun under the local horizon measured in degrees. For example SUH=10 o means that the submersion of the Sun was 10 o . • The submersion of the Sun is measured at the moment when a planet is raising or setting down over the local horizon (depending on the morning, or respectively, the evening visibility of this planet that is examined). At that moment, if the submersion of the Sun is sufficient, it is possible for an observer to see the planet on the sky. We will always assume that all the submersions of the Sun are calculated for an observer located in Cairo, except the cases when it will be specified otherwise. Let us recall that a planet with an average brightness is visible if the submersion of the Sun is 10 o or more, and a bright planet (with the magnitude M = −3.5) is visible if the submersion of the Sun is about 7 o –8 o , or more (see section 6.7, Step 3 [B]). 2. M — the magnitude of brightness of the planet measured according to the photometric scale. For example M = −3.2 means that at that moment the brightness of the planet was −3.5. As we explained before, brightness of the planets changes with time. • Let us recall that the brightness according to the photometric scale can be possibly expressed by negative numbers — smaller the number, higher the brightness of the planet. The brightest planet is Venus. Its magnitude can reach up to M = −4, but the most frequently it is from M = −3 to M = −3.7. The magnitude from M = 0 to M = +1 is characteristic not only for the planets but also for bright stars. The planets with such magnitude of brightness are visible on the sky only when it is sufficiently dark. Such conditions exist if the submersion of the Sun is at least 8 o –9 o . Less bright planets can be observed with the naked eye only if the submersion of the Sun is 10 o or more. With the submersion of the Sun of 18 o , there is a complete darkness. At that time it is possible to see faint stars. We discussed this issue in subsection 6.7.3. 3. Decimal Number from 0 to 12 in brackets, indicating a position of the planet according to the constellationsized scale (see section 6.10). For example, (2.5) denotes the middle of Gemini, or a point with the longitude 70 o on the ecliptic J2000, and (0.2) – a point in Aries with longitude 31 o on the ecliptic J2000 (see section 6.10). 4. Sometimes, in a column related to the visibility conditions of a certain planet, we indicate its distance (in degrees) from the Sun, which we denote using the capital Greek letter delta: ∆. We use the last column in the checkup table for comments. At the bottom of this column we placed a sequence of squared 6.14 Check-up List for an Astronomical Solution 147 boxes, corresponding to the columns in the table. Each of these boxes contains one of the signs +, − or ±, depending on how the solutions agrees with the zodiac. If the solution is complete, in all boxes there are only plus signs. In addition to these boxes, we also included there the mean discrepancy from the best points for this solution, which we denoted by the symbol ∆av (see section 6.11).
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It is commonly believed that 3000 y
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Preface We are all aware that histo
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Contents 1 The Problems of Historic
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CONTENTS vii 6.11 Best Points for t
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Chapter 1 The Problems of Historica
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”... the Christian chronographers
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Figure 1.4: Newton’s “The Chron
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We would like to point out a very i
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“... the same time intervals whic
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are given in contemporary literatur
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he conducted a mathematical and sta
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However, all these pecularities dis
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1.7 Controversy over the Ptolemy’
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the identifications made by F. Pete
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VOLUME Maximum 1 1584 1585 1586 Max
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The Holy Roman-German Empire (911-1
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80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 1.9
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−1700 1.9 Mathematical and Statis
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Chapter 2 Ancient Egyptian Zodiacs
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The Egyptian zodiacs contained spec
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2.1 Egyptian Zodiacs 33 Figure 2.6:
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Figure 2.9: Photograph of a fragmen
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Figure 2.11: Entrance to the Dender
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Figure 2.16: The “Small Esna Temp
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2.2 Problem of Astronomical Dating
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2.2 Problem of Astronomical Dating
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Figure 2.26: Photo of an Egyptian z
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Round Denderah zodiac. In Figure 2.
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Figure 2.35: A fragment of the Long
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2.5 Our Abbreviations for Egyptian
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Chapter 3 Previous Attempts of Astr
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Figure 3.2: The original table with
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As the picture of the Long zodiac,
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to be unique on the whole historica
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zodiacs is 98 years, so they could
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3.4 Brugsch’s Zodiac 63 Figure 3.
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Figure 3.15: Brugsch’s zodiac wit
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Chapter 4 New Approach to Decoding
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Figure 4.2: Fragment of the Long De
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Figure 4.8: Two symbols of “meeti
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4.3 Egyptian Zodiacs as Astronomica
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Chapter 5 Symbolism on Egyptian Zod
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Figure 5.3: Representations of Taur
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Figure 5.9: Nonalignment of Cancer
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5.1.6 Virgo Now, we move to the nex
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Figure 5.16: Representations of Cap
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5.2 Symbols of Decans and Principal
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Figure 5.20: Enlarged fragment of t
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5.4 Planetary Symbols of the Main H
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their huge work was made by N.A. Mo
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In order to explain this answer, le
Page 105 and 106: Figure 5.33: Egyptian “gods”
Page 107 and 108: 5.4 Planetary Symbols of the Main H
Page 109 and 110: of Mars during the first stage, and
Page 111 and 112: of Venus, as a lioness, is more com
Page 113 and 114: Figure 5.44: Planets on the Inner P
Page 117 and 118: Figure 5.48: The god Janus on a Rom
Page 119 and 120: Midnight Culminating Constellation
Page 123 and 124: pearance. For example, some planeta
Page 125 and 126: Let us resume that in this partial
Page 127 and 128: Figure 5.64: Visible (marked in lig
Page 129 and 130: 5.8 Symbols of Equinoxes and Solsti
Page 131 and 132: Figure 5.69: Figure of Sagittarius
Page 133 and 134: the wings on each side (see Figure
Page 135 and 136: Figure 5.75: The fringe of figures
Page 137 and 138: is the sitting child with a hand ne
Page 139 and 140: ecause Saturn moves very slowly, wh
Page 141 and 142: Chapter 6 Method of Astronomical De
Page 143 and 144: However, still it is possible to de
Page 145 and 146: In this way, the daily rotation of
Page 147 and 148: Zodiacal Interval on the ecliptic C
Page 149 and 150: meaning of the ancient astronomical
Page 151 and 152: 6.7.3 Step 3: Validation of Dates B
Page 153 and 154: (2) Yellow - Symbols of the Planets
Page 155: 6.11 Best Points for the Planets an
Page 160 and 161: 7.1 Denderah and Esna Zodiacs as Pa
Page 162 and 163: 152 7 The Dates Shown on the Monume
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196 7 The Dates Shown on the Monume
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Chapter 8 The Dates Shown on the Zo
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Figure 8.1: Flinders Petrie drawing
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8.1 The Athribis Zodiacs of Flinder
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Code Jupiter Saturn Mars A1 1 3 4 A
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scope, it would be a mistake to con
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we found out that the symbolism of
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• Mercury — in the middle of Aq
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points appear only in the fringe of
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8.1.12 Conclusions Our astronomical
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8.2 Brugsch’s Zodiac 229 Figure 8
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The file containing the input data
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Figure 8.11: The Color Thebes Zodia
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Let us look again at the figures st
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that all these three solutions are
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8.3.6 Conclusion: the Date Encoded
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Figure 8.15: Plans of the of the Pe
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Figure 8.18: The zodiac from the in
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8.4 Two Zodiacs from the Petosiris
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Figure 8.21: Murals inside the Peto
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Figure 8.25: Fragment of murals ins
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On the zodiac (P1) the order of the
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Figure 8.29: Color Annotated Inner
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and Saturn. Let us recall that the
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(1) A figure of an eye with wings,
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5) Variant P60: Clustered Central C
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200 1.0 11.0 8.0 2.5 1.0 6.0 ------
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ORDER OF PLANETS ON THE ECLIPTIC: J
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8.5 Dating of the Zodiac from the T
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• SUN — in Aquarius, Capricorn,
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9.1 General Picture of the Dates on
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276 9 Summary of the Astronomical D
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Bibliography [1] Fomenko, T. N., As
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 281 s priloжeniem “
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[173] V.V. Kalaxnikov, G.V. Hosovsk
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