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42 2 Ancient Egyptian Zodiacs Figure 2.24: Old portrait of Ptolemy with simple astronomical instrument in his hand similar to the instruments shown on the Libyan Palette. (Taken from [21], page 8) When these zodiacs became known in Europe, they immediately attracted a lot of attention by European historians and astronomers, who recognized their definite astronomical character. The scientists realized that this was a unique opportunity to calculate some of the exact dates from ancient Egyptian history. For this purpose there was undertaken an effort to decode the exact astronomical meaning of the zodiacs and calculate their dates. However, all these attempts were conducted under the assumption that the dates hidden inside the zodiacs, should be restricted to the time interval imposed by Scaliger’s chronology of ancient Egypt. It seems that the belief in Scaliger’s chronology was stronger than the objectivity expected from a proper scientific investigation and the results which did not satisfy the expectations of historians were not even considered as an option. Unfortunately, all the work done did not produce any result. There was not even one date which was satisfactory from the astronomical point of view and could agree with Scaliger’s chronology of ancient Egypt! Let us dwell on this subject. First of all, the Egyptian zodiacs displaying typical zodiac constellations, according to prevailing opinion historians, are related to time of the Roman influence in Egypt, i.e. the epoch around the first century A.D. Nevertheless, Egyptologists attempted even to date these zodiacs in much earlier times. For example, the Denderah zodiacs were initially claimed to be made around the year 15 000 B.C. 5 . However, there were too many evident contradictions resulting from such dating. It was incomprehensible why the symbols of the zodiac constellations on ancient Egyptian zodiacs are exactly the same as in medieval European book. The European astrology is considered to have Roman, not Egyptian, origin! The Roman influence expressed in Egyptian zodiacs could not be ignored and forced historians to shift the epoch of probable creation of these zodiacs to 5 See [4], Vol. 6, p. 651. the time not earlier than the first century B.C. On the other hand, as the zodiacs were associated with ancient Egyptian remains, historians could not accept their dates later than the third century without revising Scaliger’s chronology of ancient Egypt. Consequently, dates of the ancient Egyptian zodiacs, which were acceptable to historians, turned out to be limited to a relatively small interval of few hundred years. Any significant deviation from the dates in this time interval would create serious contradictions with the whole concept of ancient Egyptian chronology and history. Unfortunately for historians, the obtained dates of zodiacs did not fall into this interval. It is very difficult to “stretch” the symbolic interpretation of a zodiac in order to “adjust” the results in such a way that they would fit into the “expected” time interval. The problem is related to the fact that the same horoscope repeats itself usually very rarely — one or two times in thousand years. Many horoscopes repeat only after several thousands of years. Nobody before Morozov had the idea that the time interval considered for the dating of Egyptian zodiacs could be wrong. Actually, accurate and precise astronomical dating of the ancient Egyptian zodiacs can be the best way to determine what should be the correct time interval for Egyptian chronology. Indeed, our computations suggest that the dates of ancient Egyptian horoscopes appear consistently in a specific epoch. Dissatisfied with the “negative” results of the astronomical dating, Egyptologists practically abandoned the idea of their further dating and declared that these zodiacs were simply astronomical fantasies of ancient artists. Often, they did not even make even the simplest attempt to decode such zodiacs and find their dates. A striking example of such a typical approach can be found in the already mentioned paper of O. Neugebauer, R.A. Parker and D. Pingree, where the authors discuss the Petosiris zodiacs: “The position of the planets seems to be inspired by Mithraism 6 .” As another example, we should mention the book by S. Cauville 7 , where the astronomical dating of the Denderah Round zodiac was simply fabricated to create appearances of scientific justification for made up by historian dates. The method applied by S. Cauville is absolutely unacceptable form the scientific point of view. We leave a detailed discussion of this book for later. Not every arbitrary configuration of the planets on a zodiac represents a real horoscope. Planetary configurations on the sky are restricted by some laws. For example, Mercury and Venus are always located not too far from the Sun and consequently in proximity of each other. Clearly an artist creating an imaginary horoscope would most likely violate some of those rules. Some knowledge of astronomy is definitely required to design a “realistic” horoscope, but even in such a case, an inventive artist would most probably produce a horoscope, with the date belonging to a very distant past or future. But all the Egyptian zodiacs, that we studied, always contained flawless horoscopes for which solutions exist in a reasonable period of time. So, it is strange that the authors 6 See [5], p. 100. 7 See [10].
2.2 Problem of Astronomical Dating of Egyptian Zodiacs. Why Egyptologists Avoid Astronomical Dating of Egyptian Zodiacs? 43 of [5] instead of analyzing the astronomical content of the Egyptian zodiacs indulge into obscure analysis of would-be mystic meaning of their symbols. Maybe, they realized that there are no astronomical solutions complying with Scaliger’s chronology. Indeed, such solutions for the Petosiris zodiacs as well as for all other Egyptian zodiacs do not exist! As another example, let us examine what is written about the astronomical dating of ancient Egyptian zodiacs in the guide to the Egyptian collection of the British Museum 8 . It appears that there is nothing written about it! When speaking about the dates of the ancient sarcophagi the authors strangely ignore anything related to the astronomical dating of zodiacs painted on these sarcophagi, as it was something with no importance. In all these cases the dating of the Egyptian relics was made without any relation to the available astronomical information. For instance, when describing an ancient Egyptian sarcophagus the authors write: “.. the face resembles the face of the ordinary stone Sidonian sarcophagus, of which those of Tabnith and Eshmunazar, King of Sidon, B.C. 360 ... are typical examples, and for this reason the date of the coffin is supposed to lie between B.C. 500 and B.C. 350 9 .” However, a few sentences further, the authors state that: “... numerous astronomical texts and pictures ... Here we have figures of the gods of the constellations, and of the planets, Signs of the Zodiac 10 .”, so it is clear that they are talking here about a zodiac (the gods of the constellations) with a horoscope (the gods of ... the planets), but they completely ignore the question the astronomical dating of the horoscope. Moreover, there is no picture of the zodiac shown in the guide, what is rather unusual. None of the Egyptian zodiacs referred to in [18], [19], [20], was dated astronomically, and their photographs weren’t displayed in the guide either. Concerning the Denderah zodiac, N.A. Morozov wrote: “If all these was only a fantasy of an artist, then it’s hard to explain why on the both zodiacs Mercury and Venus were located in a near proximity of the Sun, as they should be, and not in some other place which was more convenient for the artist but not possible for a real horoscope. What possibly would be a purpose for such a fantasy? No, it is not a fantasy but a horoscope. 11 Morozov was the first who suggested to date the Egyptian zodiacs according to their astronomical meaning without restrictions dictated by Scaliger’s chronology. Before Morozov all the investigators of the Egyptian zodiacs were struggling to obtain the solutions postulated by historians belonging to the time interval around the first century A.D. Of course the obtained results couldn’t satisfy the expectations of historians and even with drastic “adjustments, ” it still was impossible to use these zodiacs to support Scaliger’s chronology. Strangely, after the works of Morozov were published during the years 1915–1935, Egyptologists abandoned all the honest attempts to use the astronomical methods to 8 See [18], [19], [20] 9 See [18], p.133 10 See [18], p.133. 11 See [4], Vo. 6, p. 653. date the Egyptian zodiacs. One could say, that it happened when it became clear that the astronomical dates of these zodiacs do not give any date supporting the Scaliger version of the conventional chronology of Egypt! It seems that the direct impact of the Morozov’s work was the change of the attitude of Egyptologists concerning Egyptian zodiacs who now try to overlook the astronomical information while discussing their meaning only. They try to divert this discussion away from the chronological issues to “safer grounds” of ancient Egyptian religions. They try to convince us that if there is any connection between Egyptian zodiacs and astronomy, then it is something very primitive and naive based rather of imagination than reality 12 . Figure 2.25: Russian Academician N.A. Morozov (1854– 1946). The research of N.A. Morozov, and more recently of A.T. Fomenko and his collaborators 13 , prove that Scaliger’s chronology does not have solid foundations and that there are serious problems and contradictions in it (see section ??). It is not the purpose of this book to investigate all the aspects related to Scaliger’s chronology. We refer the interested readers to the existing literature on subject, in particular to [179], or [103], [104], [105], and [106]. However, as we have already explained our reasons in Chapter 1, in our study of the Egyptian zodiacs, we do not feel any bond to be restricted by Scaliger’s chronology. Being ourselves researchers, we strongly feel that the scientific objectivity oblige us to abandon any pre-conceived ideas related to expected in this area results. In order to find all possible dates that could be indicated on the Egyptian zodiacs, we have carried the astronomical computations in the extended time interval, from 500 B.C. till 1800 A.D. However, this approach led to some new se- 12 See [5],[9]. 13 See [103]
Page 1: It is commonly believed that 3000 y
Page 5 and 6: Preface We are all aware that histo
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In order to explain this answer, le
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Figure 5.33: Egyptian “gods”
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5.4 Planetary Symbols of the Main H
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of Mars during the first stage, and
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of Venus, as a lioness, is more com
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Figure 5.44: Planets on the Inner P
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Figure 5.48: The god Janus on a Rom
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Midnight Culminating Constellation
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pearance. For example, some planeta
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Let us resume that in this partial
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Figure 5.64: Visible (marked in lig
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5.8 Symbols of Equinoxes and Solsti
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Figure 5.69: Figure of Sagittarius
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the wings on each side (see Figure
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Figure 5.75: The fringe of figures
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is the sitting child with a hand ne
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ecause Saturn moves very slowly, wh
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Chapter 6 Method of Astronomical De
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However, still it is possible to de
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In this way, the daily rotation of
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Zodiacal Interval on the ecliptic C
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meaning of the ancient astronomical
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6.7.3 Step 3: Validation of Dates B
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(2) Yellow - Symbols of the Planets
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6.11 Best Points for the Planets an
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Later, in the subsequent chapters,
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7.1 Denderah and Esna Zodiacs as Pa
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152 7 The Dates Shown on the Monume
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Chapter 8 The Dates Shown on the Zo
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Figure 8.1: Flinders Petrie drawing
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8.1 The Athribis Zodiacs of Flinder
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Code Jupiter Saturn Mars A1 1 3 4 A
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scope, it would be a mistake to con
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we found out that the symbolism of
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• Mercury — in the middle of Aq
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points appear only in the fringe of
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8.1.12 Conclusions Our astronomical
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8.2 Brugsch’s Zodiac 229 Figure 8
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The file containing the input data
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Figure 8.11: The Color Thebes Zodia
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Let us look again at the figures st
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that all these three solutions are
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8.3.6 Conclusion: the Date Encoded
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Figure 8.15: Plans of the of the Pe
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Figure 8.18: The zodiac from the in
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8.4 Two Zodiacs from the Petosiris
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Figure 8.21: Murals inside the Peto
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Figure 8.25: Fragment of murals ins
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On the zodiac (P1) the order of the
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Figure 8.29: Color Annotated Inner
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and Saturn. Let us recall that the
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(1) A figure of an eye with wings,
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5) Variant P60: Clustered Central C
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200 1.0 11.0 8.0 2.5 1.0 6.0 ------
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ORDER OF PLANETS ON THE ECLIPTIC: J
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8.5 Dating of the Zodiac from the T
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• SUN — in Aquarius, Capricorn,
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9.1 General Picture of the Dates on
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276 9 Summary of the Astronomical D
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Bibliography [1] Fomenko, T. N., As
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 281 s priloжeniem “
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[173] V.V. Kalaxnikov, G.V. Hosovsk
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