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170 7 The Dates Shown on the Monumental Zodiacs in the Denderah and Esna Temples Following the suggestions of N.A. Morozov, N.S. Kellin and D.V. Denisenko, and T.N. Fomenko, who believed that Venus was shown in Aries, we choose as its best point the middle of Aries. (5) Mercury — a two faced male figure with a planetary walking stick located in between Pisces and Aquarius. Over its head there is a star indicating its visibility. Our identification of Mercury coincides with the identifications done by N.A. Morozov, N.S. Kellin and D.V. Denisenko, and T.N. Fomenko, but is different from the one proposed by H. Brugsch and followed by Egyptologists (see subsections 5.4.6 and 5.4.7). Thus, Mercury on the Round zodiac is either in Aquarius or in Pisces, so the range of its admissible positions is Aquarius and Pisces. As the best point for Mercury we choose the boundary between Aquarius and Pisces. On Figure 7.23, we show a photograph of a fragment of the Round zodiac with Mercury in the main horoscope. Figure 7.23: A fragment of the Round zodiac with Mercury. In this way, we were able to identify all the planets on the Round zodiac in the main horoscope, except the Sun and Moon. Recall that there were two figures with planetary walking sticks, regarding which there were some doubts about the type of the horoscope they belong to. One of these figures, located over Capricorn, turned out to be Mars in the main horoscope. As all the planets in the main horoscope, represented by travelers, are already identified, the only choice for the second figure, standing over Virgo’s spike, is to belong to the partial horoscope of the autumn equinox. Notice that, except figures on the boats, there are no other figures with planetary walking sticks on the Round zodiac. Now we begin our discussion of the Sun and Moon on the Round zodiac. Recall that the Sun and Moon in main horoscopes on the Egyptian zodiacs, were always represented by discs, discs with attached crescents, or crescents for the Moon only. (6) Sun and Moon — in this case we can make a definite identification at the preliminary stage. The situation here is similar to the Long zodiac. On the Round zodiac there are three discs, which could be considered as candidates for the Sun and Moon in the main horoscope. Two of them are located in Pisces and the third one in Libra. We considered all the six possible variants of the Sun and Moon identifications, assuming that the remaining third disc belongs to a partial horoscope. The variant that led to a complete solution turned out to be in full agreement with the symbols of the Sun and Moon which were already determined for the Long zodiac. Namely, on the both Denderah zodiacs the discs in Libra, with exactly the same figure inside, symbolize Moon. In the both cases it was Full Moon. On the Round zodiac, the disc in Pisces, with a figure inside making an offering, was determined to be the Sun in the partial horoscope of the spring equinox. A similar symbol in Pisces on the Long zodiac represented the Sun in the partial horoscope of the spring equinox. The only difference between these two discs is that the figure inside on the Round zodiac is female, while on the Long zodiac it is a male. Recall that on the Long zodiac, that figure represented Jupiter “making offering to the Sun” at the spring equinox. Here, on the Round zodiac, this female figure is Venus (see below). Finally, the Sun in the main horoscope turned out to be the disc between Aries and Pisces, with a symbol of an eye inside (see more information related to the eye-symbol in subsection 5.4.12). In our case, the symbol of the eye probably indicates a proximity of the Sun to the star αAri, which in the old astronomy had the name Eye of Aries (see subsection 5.4.12). Step 2. (See subsection 6.7.2.) In this step, for each of the variants, related to the identifications of the Sun and Moon, we conducted computations with the use of the program Horos. We required that any admissible solution must have the same order of planets as it is shown on the Round zodiac. All the solutions that didn’t meet this requirement were rejected. In result, several dozens of preliminary dates were obtained in the specified time interval (from 500 B.C. till 1980 A.D. — see section 6.7). Next, for all the obtained astronomical solutions we checked the visibility conditions and the partial horoscopes. 7.4.3 Partial Horoscopes on the Round Zodiac. [A] Partial Horoscope of the Autumn Equinox: The partial horoscope of the autumn equinox is located around the figure of Virgo (see Figures 7.20 and 7.21). It contains:
– the figure of a traveler standing on the spike of Virgo (see Figure 7.20, 7.21 and 2.32 and 2.34). – the bird sitting on the tail of the snake under the Leo’s figure. Since it is right under the additional Virgo (see subsections 5.1.5 and 5.1.6) standing on the Leo’s tail, it could refer either to Leo or Virgo. – the five figures located under the constellations of Libra, Virgo and Leo in the procession of figures belonging to the partial horoscopes (see Figure 7.20 and 7.21). The first figure is a person sitting on a chair with spread out arms holding two identical objects. It is located under Leo. It symbolizes the equilibrium between the day and night occurring at the equinox (see section 5.8). The figures in the procession preceding it belong to the partial horoscope of the summer solstice, which we will discuss later. The second figure — a person sitting on a chair and holding a child on his/her hand. This is probably a symbol of the new year (see section 5.8). As we already explained earlier, the Egyptian new year began in September near the autumn equinox. The next symbol is a figure of Saturn with a crescent on the head holding a scythe (see subsection 5.4.2 and Figure 5.29 and Figures 7.20 and 7.21). Notice that the figure of Saturn in the main horoscope is just above it. This situation is natural because Saturn moves so slow that within one year its position does not change much. Therefore, it has almost the same position in the partial horoscope as in the main horoscope. Notice that these two figures of Saturn are almost the same, except Saturn in the main horoscope has a planetary walking stick instead scythe. The forth figure is a lion with front paws on the equinox symbol, a rectangular table with wavy lines (see section 5.8). Finally, behind the lion there is a half human half animal figure. It appears as a female with a lioness lower body with one hand holding a bowl. Bowl in her hand is an indication of a planet in a partial horoscope. We have already seen a similar figure holding bowls in the partial horoscope of the winter solstice on the Long zodiac. Later in this chapter we will see more examples of such bowls on the Esna zodiacs. We can conclude that this figure is a planetary symbol of a partial horoscope. Since it’s a female with lioness attributes, it must be Venus in Leo (because it is preceded by a figure of lion). Consequently, the meaning of this composition is understandable. In fact these five figures provide us with the information that on the autumn equinox Saturn was approximately at the same place as in the main horoscope (in Virgo or in Libra), and Venus was in Leo. Let us analyze the meaning of the first two figures mentioned earlier, i.e. the male planet standing on the Virgo’s spike and the bird sitting on the Leo’s snake. Let us point out that the spike in Virgo’s hand is not just a decoration, but it represents the brightest star in this constellation. In the modern astronomy it is denoted as αVirgo, but in 7.4 Decoding the Date from the Round Denderah Zodiac 171 the old astronomy it was called Spica or Spike or Virgo 30 . On the old astronomical charts this star was placed exactly at the top of the spike in the Virgo’s hand. The fact that this planetary symbol stands right at the top of the spike, indicates that it was very close to αVirgo on this day. We still need to explain what planet it is. To solve this problem we notice a hieroglyphic inscription above its head as well as a star indicating its visibility. On Figure 7.24 we present a brief table of several basic Egyptian hieroglyphs, which is completely sufficient for our purposes. Figure 7.24: Egyptian Alphabet. (Taken from [116], p. 70) In this inscription there are three hieroglyphs (see Figures 2.34 and 7.25). The hieroglyphs were written in such a way that they always face the beginning of the word 31 , so the first symbol in this inscription is the curved line (or rope), which stands for the letter S. The second symbol is the leg, which means the letter B, and the third one, which looks like a cup with a handle, stands for the letter K. (See Figure 7.24.) In the Egyptian hieroglyphic writing usually only consonants were used, and all the vowels were omitted, so Egyptologists adopted a convention to put E between the consonants if there is no vowel 32 . Therefore, the name of this planet is SEBEK, which according to Henry Brugsch means Mercury 33 . On the other hand the figure itself has an appearance that is appropriate for Mercury (see Figure 2.34). Indeed, on some Egyptian zodiacs it was represented by a male figure with human face (see subsection 5.4.9). Let us mention that in the works of contemporary Egyptologist S. Cauville, this figure was also identified as Mercury 34 . We would like to signal that in the Napoleonic 30 See [22]. 31 See [116], p.71. 32 See [116], p. 71. 33 See [4], Vol. 6, p. 697. 34 See cite[10], p. 29.
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It is commonly believed that 3000 y
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Preface We are all aware that histo
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Contents 1 The Problems of Historic
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CONTENTS vii 6.11 Best Points for t
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Chapter 1 The Problems of Historica
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”... the Christian chronographers
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Figure 1.4: Newton’s “The Chron
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We would like to point out a very i
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“... the same time intervals whic
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are given in contemporary literatur
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he conducted a mathematical and sta
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However, all these pecularities dis
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1.7 Controversy over the Ptolemy’
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the identifications made by F. Pete
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VOLUME Maximum 1 1584 1585 1586 Max
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The Holy Roman-German Empire (911-1
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80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 1.9
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−1700 1.9 Mathematical and Statis
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Chapter 2 Ancient Egyptian Zodiacs
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The Egyptian zodiacs contained spec
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2.1 Egyptian Zodiacs 33 Figure 2.6:
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Figure 2.9: Photograph of a fragmen
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Figure 2.11: Entrance to the Dender
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Figure 2.16: The “Small Esna Temp
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2.2 Problem of Astronomical Dating
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2.2 Problem of Astronomical Dating
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Figure 2.26: Photo of an Egyptian z
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Round Denderah zodiac. In Figure 2.
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Figure 2.35: A fragment of the Long
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2.5 Our Abbreviations for Egyptian
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Chapter 3 Previous Attempts of Astr
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Figure 3.2: The original table with
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As the picture of the Long zodiac,
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to be unique on the whole historica
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zodiacs is 98 years, so they could
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3.4 Brugsch’s Zodiac 63 Figure 3.
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Figure 3.15: Brugsch’s zodiac wit
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Chapter 4 New Approach to Decoding
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Figure 4.2: Fragment of the Long De
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Figure 4.8: Two symbols of “meeti
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4.3 Egyptian Zodiacs as Astronomica
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Chapter 5 Symbolism on Egyptian Zod
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Figure 5.3: Representations of Taur
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Figure 5.9: Nonalignment of Cancer
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5.1.6 Virgo Now, we move to the nex
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Figure 5.16: Representations of Cap
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5.2 Symbols of Decans and Principal
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Figure 5.20: Enlarged fragment of t
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5.4 Planetary Symbols of the Main H
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their huge work was made by N.A. Mo
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In order to explain this answer, le
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Figure 5.33: Egyptian “gods”
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of Mars during the first stage, and
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of Venus, as a lioness, is more com
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Figure 5.44: Planets on the Inner P
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Figure 5.48: The god Janus on a Rom
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Midnight Culminating Constellation
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pearance. For example, some planeta
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Let us resume that in this partial
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Figure 5.64: Visible (marked in lig
Page 129 and 130: 5.8 Symbols of Equinoxes and Solsti
Page 131 and 132: Figure 5.69: Figure of Sagittarius
Page 133 and 134: the wings on each side (see Figure
Page 135 and 136: Figure 5.75: The fringe of figures
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Page 143 and 144: However, still it is possible to de
Page 145 and 146: In this way, the daily rotation of
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Page 149 and 150: meaning of the ancient astronomical
Page 151 and 152: 6.7.3 Step 3: Validation of Dates B
Page 153 and 154: (2) Yellow - Symbols of the Planets
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Page 157: Later, in the subsequent chapters,
Page 160 and 161: 7.1 Denderah and Esna Zodiacs as Pa
Page 162 and 163: 152 7 The Dates Shown on the Monume
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Page 223 and 224: Figure 8.1: Flinders Petrie drawing
Page 225 and 226: 8.1 The Athribis Zodiacs of Flinder
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we found out that the symbolism of
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• Mercury — in the middle of Aq
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points appear only in the fringe of
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8.1.12 Conclusions Our astronomical
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8.2 Brugsch’s Zodiac 229 Figure 8
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The file containing the input data
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Figure 8.11: The Color Thebes Zodia
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Let us look again at the figures st
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that all these three solutions are
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8.3.6 Conclusion: the Date Encoded
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Figure 8.15: Plans of the of the Pe
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Figure 8.18: The zodiac from the in
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8.4 Two Zodiacs from the Petosiris
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Figure 8.21: Murals inside the Peto
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Figure 8.25: Fragment of murals ins
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On the zodiac (P1) the order of the
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Figure 8.29: Color Annotated Inner
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and Saturn. Let us recall that the
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(1) A figure of an eye with wings,
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5) Variant P60: Clustered Central C
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200 1.0 11.0 8.0 2.5 1.0 6.0 ------
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ORDER OF PLANETS ON THE ECLIPTIC: J
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8.5 Dating of the Zodiac from the T
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• SUN — in Aquarius, Capricorn,
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9.1 General Picture of the Dates on
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276 9 Summary of the Astronomical D
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Bibliography [1] Fomenko, T. N., As
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 281 s priloжeniem “
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[173] V.V. Kalaxnikov, G.V. Hosovsk
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