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264 8 The Dates Shown on the Zodiacs form Ancient Egyptian Tombs and Sarcophagi 13 (born in 1227). In this case, there would be a no relations to the paintings decorating the walls of the tomb. However, from the astronomical point of view this solutions are also ideal. Finally, the third possibility (under relaxed astronomical requirements) could be the pair of solutions referring to the 15th century. In this case the occupant of the Petosiris tomb would be a person of the age 47, that was born in 1430 and died (or was killed) in 1477 A.D. However, from the astronomical point of view these solutions are not as good as the previous ones. Figure 8.30: The burial chamber in the tomb of Ramses VI with the zodiac on the ceiling. 8.5 Dating of the Zodiac from the Tomb of Ramses VI In this section we will analyze for the purpose of the astronomical dating the Egyptian zodiacs found in the tomb of Ramses VI. 8.5.1 The Tomb of Ramses VI and Its Zodiac The tomb of Ramses VI is located in the Valley of the Kings. Right in the middle of this valley there is an isolated rocky hill looking by coincidence like a mound constructed over a burial site. Inside this hill, there were several tombs hewn in the rock, among them — the tomb of Ramses VI. In Chapter 7, on Figure 7.2 included a photograph of this site and on Figure 7.3 we show the entrance to the tomb of Ramses VI. It is believed that the tomb of Ramses VI was already well-known during the “ancient” times, and it was attracting many visitors 16 . However, this tomb was excavated again in the year 1888 — its chambers were blocked by rubble and rock debris. Presently, for some reasons this tomb is closed for visitors. On Figure ?? we show the plan of this magnificent tomb. It is assumed that initially this tomb was designated for the previous Pharaoh Ramses V, who eventually was buried there. Later the tomb was expanded and Ramses VI was also buried there as well 17 . In this tomb, there was discovered one of the most impressive Egyptian zodiacs, which was painted on the ceiling of the burial chamber right above the sarcophagus of the pharaoh. A color photograph of this zodiac was shown on 2.36. A general view of the burial chamber inside the Ramses VI tomb, with the zodiac on its ceiling, is shown on Figure 8.30, and the zodiac itself on Figure 8.32. Let us recall that we denote this zodiac by the symbol (RS) and we will simply call it the Ramses VI zodiac. As we are going to explain in this section, the Ramses VI zodiac (RS) contains a main hororoscope, which can be decoded and dated astronomically. The horoscope is contained in the part of the zodiac, which is shown on Figure 8.32. We will call it the Lower Part of the zodiac. Inside the Lower Part, on the left half of it shown on Figure 8.33, one can find symbols of almost all the planets from the main horoscope, except Moon, which is shown in the right half of the Lower Part. In fact, the Sun and Moon on the Ramses VI zodiac are indicated by colors only. Let us present the details of the analysis of the zodiac (RS). 8.5.2 Zodiacal Constellations Symbols on the Zodiac (RS) We will discuss in this subsection the Lower Part of the zodiac (RS) only, which contains the sufficient information needed for the decoding of the Ramses VI zodiac (RS). The Upper Part of the zodiac, does not contain any element of the main horoscope. Moreover, it seems that on the zodiac (RS) there are no partial horoscopes present as well, at least we were not able to identify them. 16 See [180] page 64. 17 See [180], page 64.
8.5 Dating of the Zodiac from the Tomb of Ramses VI 265 Figure 8.31: Plan of the tomb of Ramses VI located in the Valley of the Kings. (The picture was taken from [180]) In order to explain the structure of the zodiac (RS), let us point out that the Lower Part of the zodiac is divided into 12 sectors,which are separated by vertical “lines.” It comes immediately to mind that we have here a symbolic representation of the ecliptic divided into 12 zodiacal constellations. All these constellations are shown as the vertical sectors in the Lower Part of the zodiac (RS). Of course, we need to recognize for each zodiacal constellation, what is the corresponding sector on the zodiac. Since we do not find here even one usual symbol of a zodiacal constellation, which waqs used on the other Egyptian zodiac, it is not a trivial problem. Nevertheless, it is possible to give the answer to this question. In fact, there is only one way the constellations on the Ramses VI zodiac can be recognized. Notice that in the first 11 sectors of the zodiac, beginning from the head of the goddess Nut, all the figures are arranged in sequences indicating the same common direction. In each of these sector there is a large boat. However, the 12th sector, which is the sector right next to the goddess Nut legs, is different. Instead of one large boat, there are two small boats in vertical positions — contrary to the boats in the other 11 sectors, which are shown horizontally (see Figure 8.32). These 11 boats are most probably the symbols of the zodiacal constellations, and since the 12th sector contains two identical boats, it comes to mind that it could be Gemini. Of course, we would like to have a confirmation for this identification of Gimini. Notice that in the 12th sector, under the symbols of two boats, there are two human figures holding hands. There is also a disc resting on their hands. It is not hard to see that it is a typical symbol of Gemini, which is in fact very similar to the figure of Gemini on the Long Denderah zodiac (See Figures 5.4 and 5.5). On the other hand, above the boats there is a typical symbol of the summer solstice — the Sun on the pole. We have seen similar symbols on other Egyptian zodiacs. For example, on the Denderah zodiacs, there was a bird sitting on a pole (see section 5.8.4). Here, the Sun is symbolized by a beetle sitting on the pole 18 , which can be interpreted as the point of the heighest elevation of the Sun. It is clear that it has to be the summer solstice point. 18 See [182], p.84. Figure 8.34: Symbols of the zodiacal constellations on the Ramses VI zodiac (RS). As we have already explained in Chapter 5, on the Egyptian zodiacs, the summer solstice was always shown in Gemini. Consequently, the last sector of the zodiac could be indeed Gemini, which implies that the other 11 sectors should symbolize the remaining 11 zodiacal constellations. There more arguments in support of this claim. Let us continue our analysis of the Ramses VI zodiac. If Gemini is indeed the last sector on the right, then there are exactly two possible ways all the remaining 11 constellation
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It is commonly believed that 3000 y
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Preface We are all aware that histo
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Contents 1 The Problems of Historic
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CONTENTS vii 6.11 Best Points for t
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Chapter 1 The Problems of Historica
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”... the Christian chronographers
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Figure 1.4: Newton’s “The Chron
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We would like to point out a very i
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“... the same time intervals whic
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are given in contemporary literatur
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he conducted a mathematical and sta
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However, all these pecularities dis
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1.7 Controversy over the Ptolemy’
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the identifications made by F. Pete
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VOLUME Maximum 1 1584 1585 1586 Max
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The Holy Roman-German Empire (911-1
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80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 1.9
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−1700 1.9 Mathematical and Statis
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Chapter 2 Ancient Egyptian Zodiacs
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The Egyptian zodiacs contained spec
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2.1 Egyptian Zodiacs 33 Figure 2.6:
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Figure 2.9: Photograph of a fragmen
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Figure 2.11: Entrance to the Dender
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Figure 2.16: The “Small Esna Temp
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2.2 Problem of Astronomical Dating
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2.2 Problem of Astronomical Dating
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Figure 2.26: Photo of an Egyptian z
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Round Denderah zodiac. In Figure 2.
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Figure 2.35: A fragment of the Long
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2.5 Our Abbreviations for Egyptian
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Chapter 3 Previous Attempts of Astr
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Figure 3.2: The original table with
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As the picture of the Long zodiac,
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to be unique on the whole historica
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zodiacs is 98 years, so they could
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3.4 Brugsch’s Zodiac 63 Figure 3.
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Figure 3.15: Brugsch’s zodiac wit
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Chapter 4 New Approach to Decoding
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Figure 4.2: Fragment of the Long De
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Figure 4.8: Two symbols of “meeti
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4.3 Egyptian Zodiacs as Astronomica
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Chapter 5 Symbolism on Egyptian Zod
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Figure 5.3: Representations of Taur
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Figure 5.9: Nonalignment of Cancer
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5.1.6 Virgo Now, we move to the nex
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Figure 5.16: Representations of Cap
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5.2 Symbols of Decans and Principal
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Figure 5.20: Enlarged fragment of t
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5.4 Planetary Symbols of the Main H
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their huge work was made by N.A. Mo
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In order to explain this answer, le
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Figure 5.33: Egyptian “gods”
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of Mars during the first stage, and
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of Venus, as a lioness, is more com
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Figure 5.44: Planets on the Inner P
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Figure 5.48: The god Janus on a Rom
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Midnight Culminating Constellation
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pearance. For example, some planeta
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Let us resume that in this partial
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Figure 5.64: Visible (marked in lig
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5.8 Symbols of Equinoxes and Solsti
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Figure 5.69: Figure of Sagittarius
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the wings on each side (see Figure
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Figure 5.75: The fringe of figures
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is the sitting child with a hand ne
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ecause Saturn moves very slowly, wh
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Chapter 6 Method of Astronomical De
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However, still it is possible to de
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In this way, the daily rotation of
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Zodiacal Interval on the ecliptic C
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meaning of the ancient astronomical
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6.7.3 Step 3: Validation of Dates B
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(2) Yellow - Symbols of the Planets
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6.11 Best Points for the Planets an
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Later, in the subsequent chapters,
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7.1 Denderah and Esna Zodiacs as Pa
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152 7 The Dates Shown on the Monume
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Chapter 8 The Dates Shown on the Zo
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Page 225 and 226: 8.1 The Athribis Zodiacs of Flinder
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Page 237 and 238: 8.1.12 Conclusions Our astronomical
Page 239 and 240: 8.2 Brugsch’s Zodiac 229 Figure 8
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Page 243 and 244: Figure 8.11: The Color Thebes Zodia
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Page 249 and 250: 8.3.6 Conclusion: the Date Encoded
Page 251 and 252: Figure 8.15: Plans of the of the Pe
Page 253 and 254: Figure 8.18: The zodiac from the in
Page 255 and 256: 8.4 Two Zodiacs from the Petosiris
Page 257 and 258: Figure 8.21: Murals inside the Peto
Page 259 and 260: Figure 8.25: Fragment of murals ins
Page 261 and 262: On the zodiac (P1) the order of the
Page 263 and 264: Figure 8.29: Color Annotated Inner
Page 265 and 266: and Saturn. Let us recall that the
Page 267 and 268: (1) A figure of an eye with wings,
Page 269 and 270: 5) Variant P60: Clustered Central C
Page 271 and 272: 200 1.0 11.0 8.0 2.5 1.0 6.0 ------
Page 273: ORDER OF PLANETS ON THE ECLIPTIC: J
Page 277 and 278: 8.5 Dating of the Zodiac from the T
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Page 281: • SUN — in Aquarius, Capricorn,
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Page 286 and 287: 276 9 Summary of the Astronomical D
Page 289 and 290: Bibliography [1] Fomenko, T. N., As
Page 291 and 292: BIBLIOGRAPHY 281 s priloжeniem “
Page 293: [173] V.V. Kalaxnikov, G.V. Hosovsk
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