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222 8 The Dates Shown on the Zodiacs form Ancient Egyptian Tombs and Sarcophagi Julian day (JD) = 2170451.00 UPPER ZODIAC Year/Month/Day = 1230/5/16 Sun Moon Saturn Jupiter Mars Venus Mercury Pl. #1 Pl. #4 Pl. #3 Pl. #2 72.6 o 104.9 o 4.4 o 81.0 o 329.6 o 116.3 o 87.8 o 1.55 2.53 11.45 1.77 10.01 2.92 1.95 Taurus Gemini Pisces Taurus Cap/Aq Ge/Cap Ge/Tau Mean Distance from the Best Points = 7 o Variant of Decoding: A5, Code of Data: AV E Julian day (JD) = 2184234.00 LOWER ZODIAC Year/Month/Day= 1268/2/9 Sun Moon Saturn Jupiter Mars Venus Mercury Pl. #1 Pl. #4 Pl. #3 Pl. #2 337.9 o 278.9 o 104.2 o 144.3 o 322.9 o 328.2 o 339.0 o 10.49 8.35 2.50 4.02 9.76 9.95 10.55 Capric Sagitt Leo/Vir Gemini Capric Capric Aquar Mean Distance from the Best Points = 5.5 o Variant of Decoding: A5, Code of Data: ANE Table 8.5: Solutions: May 16, 1230 and February 9, 1268 for the Upper and Lower Atribis zodiacs With help of the Turbo-Sky program we were able to verify for each of the planets its visibility conditions. VISIBILITY CONDITIONS for the Upper Zodiac: All the planets, except Jupiter, were well visible. On the evening on May 16, 1230, when Jupiter was descending behind the horizon in Cairo, the submersion of the Sun was SUH 7 o . At that time the brightness of Jupiter was (M = −1.4), so practically, it could not be visible even if its fade light appeared for few moments on the horizon. However, Mercury, which was not very far from Jupiter, was already visible. At the time, when Mercury was disappearing behind the horizon, the submersion of the Sun was already SUH14 o . On the same evening, the new moon just reappeared on the sky in Gemini. It was only two days old and it looked like a narrow crescent. VISIBILITY CONDITIONS for the Lower Zodiac: On February 9–10, 1268, Mercury and Venus were not visible because of their proximity of the Sun. At that time, the distance from Mercury to the Sun was only one or two degrees, so Mercury completely disappeared in the rays of the Sun. On the other hand, Venus was located in the morning visibility side of the Sun. Before the dawn on January 9–10, 1268, Venus raised in Cairo, when the Sun was submerged only 5 o under the horizon. It was much too close to the Sun to be visible, although its brightness was M = −3.4. All the other planets were well visible, even Mars, which was closest to the Sun planet. When Mars appeared on the horizon in the morning of January 9–10, 1268, the submersion of the Sun was SUH 9 o . The brightness of Mars was M = +1.4, which was already sufficient for its visibility. Of course, Mars was only visible for a short time before it dissolved completely in the morning ray. 8.1.6 Validation of the Solutions with Respect to the Planetary Positions For the above pair of solutions, we will now compare the exact positions of the planets with the locations of the corresponding planetary symbols on the Athribis zodiacs. Let us recall, that these solutions were found using the variant A5 for the identification of Jupiter, Saturn and Mars (see subsection 8.1.1 for more details). The exact positions of all the planets on May 16, 1230 and February 9–10, 1268, are listed in Table 8.5. PLANETARY POSITIONS ON THE UPPER ZO- DIAC according to the decoding variant A5: • SUN — in Taurus; • Jupiter — in Taurus, located right under the Sun; • Mercury — in Taurus near the border with Gemini, close to Jupiter; • Mars — in Capricorn; • Saturn — in Pisces; • Venus — in between Gemini and Cancer; • Moon — in Gemini, not far from Venus. PLANETARY POSITIONS on May 15–16, 1230 (AC- CORDING TO THE SOLUTION): • SUN — in Taurus, Jupiter – the closest to the Sun planet; • Jupiter — in Taurus, almost side by side with the Sun. Could be seen only on the horizon during the morning ray; • Mercury — in Taurus next to the border with Gemini; • Mars — on the border between Capricorn and Aquarius; • Saturn — in Pisces; • Venus — on the border between Gemini and Cancer; • Moon — in Gemini, not far from Venus. It was the first re-appearance on the sky of the new moon. It was 2 days old. PLANETARY POSITIONS ON THE LOWER ZO- DIAC according to the decoding variant A5: • SUN — in between Capricorn and Aquarius; • Venus — in Aquarius or Pisces, close to Mercury and the Sun; • Mercury — in Pisces or Aquarius, close to Venus; • Mars — in Capricorn, it touches the Sun with its snakelike tail; • Saturn — in Gemini; • Jupiter — Leo; • Moon — in Sagittarius. PLANETARY POSITIONS on February 9–10, 1268 (AC- CORDING TO THE SOLUTION): • SUN — in Aquarius; • Venus — in Aquarius, near the border with Capricorn;
• Mercury — in the middle of Aquarius, not far from Pisces (Aquarius occupies only 17 o on the ecliptic); • Mars — in Capricorn from the side of Aquarius, not far from the Sun, but visible; • Saturn — in Gemini; • Jupiter — on the border between Leo and Virgo; • Moon — in Sagittarius, it looks like a crescent, it is 25 days old. After comparing the planetary positions corresponding to the obtained solutions with the locations of the planets on the Athribis zodiacs, we have arrived to the following conclusion: the Upper zodiac perfectly matches the astronomical solution and the Lower zodiac almost perfectly fits the astronomical solution with the exception for Venus, which was invisible on the date indicated by the solution. Since Venus disappeared in the morning ray, the author of the zodiacs was not able to observe on which side of the Sun it was located at that time. In order to obtain this information, it was necessary to accomplish additional tasks. However, it is not reasonable to assume that the author of these zodiacs performed astronomical computations in order to determine the exact locations of the planets. In other words, we simply assume that the Athribis zodiacs were designed based on the astronomical observations only. From this point of view, the match between the planetary configurations on the both zodiacs and the corresponding astronomical solutions is ideal. Consequently, we need only to verify if the astronomical solution for the Upper zodiac provides us with an explanation for the “meeting scene” in Leo, and for the Lower zodiac, to check if the solution satisfies the partial horoscope of the summer solstice. Regarding the supplementary scenes illustrating the Paschal Moon on the Athribis zodiacs, they should not be considered as an argument for rejecting astronomical solutions. On the color annotated zodiacs, these scenes are marked in green. Their meaning was already discussed in subsection 5.9.1 8.1.7 Validation of the Solutions According to the Partial Horoscope of the Summer Solstice Let us show the exact planetary locations on the ecliptic J2000 for the summer solstice days on June 12, 1268, and on June 12, 1267. The first of these dates, should be considered in the case the beginning of the year was assumed to take place in September or January, while the another one is according to the convention that the beginning of the year was in March or June. Let us analyze the first date: June 12, 1268. In Table 8.6, we present for this date the positions of the planets on the ecliptic J2000 using degrees, as well as, the coordinates on the constellation scale (see section 6.10). In addition, for each of the listed planets we indicate the corresponding zodiacal constellation. Just by looking at these numbers, we can already 8.1 The Athribis Zodiacs of Flinders Petrie 223 say that our astronomical solution fits quite well the partial horoscope of the summer solstice on the Lower zodiac. On the summer solstice day, all the planets gathered indeed around the Sun in Gemini. Nevertheless, this correspondence with the partial horoscope is not perfect. The planetary configuration on that day was clearly different than the one depicted on the partial horoscope of the summer solstice on the Lower zodiac. Recall that on the Lower zodiac, there were three planets shown on one side of the Sun, while there were two more on the other side. But, on the June 12, 1268, there were four planets on the one side of the Sun (without counting Moon) and only one — Mars, on the other side. It is clear that these two configurations are different, so it is hard to consider them as matching. Julian day (JD) = 2184358.00 — Summer Solstice Year/Month/Day = 1268/6/12 Beginning of the Year in September or January Mars Sun Moon Saturn Mercury Venus Jupiter 57.1 o 98.6 o 101.6 o 112.4 o 117.4 o 1.15 2.31 2.41 2.79 2.96 3.10 4.15 Taurus Gemini Gemini Gemini Gemini Cancer Leo 121.0 o 148.1 o 6 Table 8.6: Planetary Positions on June 12, 1268 Let us look now on the second date: June 12, 1267. This is the date of the summer solstice (with accuracy of 1–2 days) in the year indicated by the solution (February 8–11, 1268) according to the convention that the beginning of the year was in March or June. We should remember that in the present times the beginning of the year is in January, that’s why we got here two different years. In Table 8.7, we list the positions of the planets on June 10, 1267, i.e. two days before the summer solstice day. The planetary configuration on that day was very close to the picture shown on the Lower zodiac. In fact, even two days later, on June 12, 1267, these similarities still remained very strong. The only difference was that Mercury managed to move on the other side of the Sun. Since at all that time Mercury was located in close proximity to the Sun, it was not visible, so it is clear that these changes couldn’t be observed with a naked eye. Thus, the author of the Athribis zodiacs could only speculate what was the appropriate side of the Sun to show Mercury. We should also remember that in this epoch, there were no yet available precise timekeeping devices. Even in the 14th century books, the dates of the solstices and equinoxes were determined with errors up to 5–6 days. It is clear that we have here a perfect match, up to the smallest detail. Indeed, on June 10, 1267, all the five planets: Mercury, Venus, Jupiter, Saturn and Mars, gathered around the Sun. Their configuration was exactly the same as shown on the
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It is commonly believed that 3000 y
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Preface We are all aware that histo
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Contents 1 The Problems of Historic
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CONTENTS vii 6.11 Best Points for t
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Chapter 1 The Problems of Historica
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”... the Christian chronographers
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Figure 1.4: Newton’s “The Chron
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We would like to point out a very i
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“... the same time intervals whic
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are given in contemporary literatur
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he conducted a mathematical and sta
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However, all these pecularities dis
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1.7 Controversy over the Ptolemy’
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the identifications made by F. Pete
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VOLUME Maximum 1 1584 1585 1586 Max
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The Holy Roman-German Empire (911-1
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80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 1.9
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−1700 1.9 Mathematical and Statis
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Chapter 2 Ancient Egyptian Zodiacs
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The Egyptian zodiacs contained spec
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2.1 Egyptian Zodiacs 33 Figure 2.6:
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Figure 2.9: Photograph of a fragmen
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Figure 2.11: Entrance to the Dender
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Figure 2.16: The “Small Esna Temp
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2.2 Problem of Astronomical Dating
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2.2 Problem of Astronomical Dating
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Figure 2.26: Photo of an Egyptian z
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Round Denderah zodiac. In Figure 2.
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Figure 2.35: A fragment of the Long
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2.5 Our Abbreviations for Egyptian
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Chapter 3 Previous Attempts of Astr
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Figure 3.2: The original table with
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As the picture of the Long zodiac,
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to be unique on the whole historica
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zodiacs is 98 years, so they could
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3.4 Brugsch’s Zodiac 63 Figure 3.
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Figure 3.15: Brugsch’s zodiac wit
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Chapter 4 New Approach to Decoding
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Figure 4.2: Fragment of the Long De
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Figure 4.8: Two symbols of “meeti
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4.3 Egyptian Zodiacs as Astronomica
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Chapter 5 Symbolism on Egyptian Zod
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Figure 5.3: Representations of Taur
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Figure 5.9: Nonalignment of Cancer
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5.1.6 Virgo Now, we move to the nex
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Figure 5.16: Representations of Cap
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5.2 Symbols of Decans and Principal
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Figure 5.20: Enlarged fragment of t
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5.4 Planetary Symbols of the Main H
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their huge work was made by N.A. Mo
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In order to explain this answer, le
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Figure 5.33: Egyptian “gods”
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of Mars during the first stage, and
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of Venus, as a lioness, is more com
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Figure 5.44: Planets on the Inner P
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Figure 5.48: The god Janus on a Rom
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Midnight Culminating Constellation
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pearance. For example, some planeta
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Let us resume that in this partial
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Figure 5.64: Visible (marked in lig
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5.8 Symbols of Equinoxes and Solsti
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Figure 5.69: Figure of Sagittarius
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the wings on each side (see Figure
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Figure 5.75: The fringe of figures
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is the sitting child with a hand ne
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ecause Saturn moves very slowly, wh
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Chapter 6 Method of Astronomical De
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However, still it is possible to de
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In this way, the daily rotation of
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Zodiacal Interval on the ecliptic C
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meaning of the ancient astronomical
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6.7.3 Step 3: Validation of Dates B
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(2) Yellow - Symbols of the Planets
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6.11 Best Points for the Planets an
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Later, in the subsequent chapters,
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7.1 Denderah and Esna Zodiacs as Pa
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152 7 The Dates Shown on the Monume
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Page 237 and 238: 8.1.12 Conclusions Our astronomical
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Page 249 and 250: 8.3.6 Conclusion: the Date Encoded
Page 251 and 252: Figure 8.15: Plans of the of the Pe
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Page 257 and 258: Figure 8.21: Murals inside the Peto
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Page 265 and 266: and Saturn. Let us recall that the
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Page 269 and 270: 5) Variant P60: Clustered Central C
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Page 273 and 274: ORDER OF PLANETS ON THE ECLIPTIC: J
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9.1 General Picture of the Dates on
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276 9 Summary of the Astronomical D
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Bibliography [1] Fomenko, T. N., As
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 281 s priloжeniem “
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[173] V.V. Kalaxnikov, G.V. Hosovsk
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