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256 8 The Dates Shown on the Zodiacs form Ancient Egyptian Tombs and Sarcophagi Saturn=(Moon?)–Sun–Venus=Mars–Mercury–Jupiter– (Moon?) Since Moon is shown inside the equinoctial break on the zodiac (P2), in this case, similarly to the case of the Dispersed Central Circle, there are two possible locations of Moon — near the spring or autumn equinox points. In the case of an astronomical solution with Moon close to the spring equinox point, we relaxed the order requirements and allowed for the planet A, from the Central Circle) to be interchangeable with Moon. Since Moon is a fast moving planet, the loosening its order requirements didn’t have a significant impact on generating new solutions. It only caused shifting of already obtained dates by few days. On the other hand, if Moon was located near the autumn equinox point, we required that its position should be between the planet A and the planet C (see Figures 8.23 or 8.29). In other words, Moon should be between Saturn and Jupiter. Let us recall that in any variant of decoding , the planets A and C are Jupiter or Saturn, or vice versa. In the previous variant, Venus and Mars were considered to be interchangeable. In the case of Clustered Central Circle, we assume that the closest to the Sun planets are shown in the Central Circle, so their respective order is uniquely determined. Venus is located inside the Central Circle, while Mars is not there. Consequently, Venus should be closer to the Sun than Mars (see Figures 8.23 or 8.29). Let us present the input data for the program HOROS — the four additional variants of decoding. In this way we have the total of possible eight variants. Let us notice that the third and fourth variants of decoding (in the table below — their codes P63 and P64) are simply obtained from the first two variants (their codes P61 and P62) by interchanging Jupiter and Saturn. ZODIAC: Inner Petosiris (P2) DECODING VARIANT: Clustered Central Circle, Planet A = Jupiter, Moon near the spring equinox point. CODE OF THE DECODING VARIANT: P60 ORDER OF PLANETS ON THE ECLIPTIC: JUPITER MOON, SUN, VENUS, MARS, MERCURY, SATURN -----------------------DATA------------------------- SUN MOON SATURN JUPITER MARS VENUS MERCURY # FROM: -------------------------------------------# 11.0 10.0 3.0 8.0 11.0 11.0 0.0 # TO: ---------------------------------------------# 1.0 12.0 5.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 # BEST POINTS: ------------------------------------# 11.5 11.4 4.0 11.2 11.9 11.7 1.0 --------------------END OF DATA--------------------- ZODIAC: Inner Petosiris (P2) DECODING VARIANT: Clustered Central Circle, Planet A = Jupiter, Moon near the autumn equinox point. CODE OF THE DECODING VARIANT: P61 ORDER OF PLANETS ON THE ECLIPTIC: JUPITER, SUN, VENUS, MARS, MERCURY, SATURN, MOON -----------------------DATA------------------------- SUN MOON SATURN JUPITER MARS VENUS MERCURY # FROM: -------------------------------------------# 11.0 5.0 3.0 8.0 11.0 11.0 0.0 # TO: ---------------------------------------------# 1.0 8.0 5.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 # BEST POINTS: ------------------------------------# 11.5 6.5 4.0 11.2 11.9 11.7 1.0 --------------------END OF DATA--------------------- ---------------------------------------------------- ZODIAC: Inner Petosiris (P2) DECODING VARIANT: Clustered Central Circle, Planet A = Saturn, Moon near the spring equinox point. CODE OF THE DECODING VARIANT: P62 ORDER OF PLANETS ON THE ECLIPTIC: SATURN MOON, SUN, VENUS, MARS, MERCURY, JUPITER -----------------------DATA------------------------- SUN MOON SATURN JUPITER MARS VENUS MERCURY # FROM: -------------------------------------------# 11.0 5.0 8.0 3.0 11.0 11.0 0.0 # TO: ---------------------------------------------# 1.0 12.0 1.0 5.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 # BEST POINTS: ------------------------------------# 11.5 11.2 11.2 4.0 11.9 11.7 1.0 --------------------END OF DATA--------------------- ZODIAC: Inner Petosiris (P2) DECODING VARIANT: Clustered Central Circle, Planet A = Saturn, Moon near the autumn equinox point. CODE OF THE DECODING VARIANT: P63 ORDER OF PLANETS ON THE ECLIPTIC: SATURN, SUN, VENUS, MARS, MERCURY, JUPITER, MOON -----------------------DATA------------------------- SUN MOON SATURN JUPITER MARS VENUS MERCURY # FROM: -------------------------------------------# 11.0 5.0 8.0 3.0 11.0 11.0 0.0 # TO: ---------------------------------------------# 1.0 8.0 1.0 5.0 1.0 1.0 2.0 # BEST POINTS: ------------------------------------# 11.6 6.5 11.2 4.0 11.9 11.7 1.0 --------------------END OF DATA--------------------- ---------------------------------------------------- REMARK: The following constellation scale was used (see section 6.10): ARIESTAURGEMINICANCERLEOVIR LIBSCORPSAGITTCAPRICAQUAPISC 8.4.7 Symbols of Equinoxes, Solstices, Partial Horoscopes and Supplementary Scenes on the Petosiris Zodiac (P2) In the lower part of the equinoctial beak on the zodiac (P2), there are shown two symbols of equinoxes (see subsections 5.8.1 and 5.8.3).
(1) A figure of an eye with wings, walking on human legs. It carries a familiar symbol of the spring equinox — a row of cobras looking into one direction. It is located, as it is supposed to, near the constellation of Pisces (see Figure 8.23). Let us recall that the spring equinox point is located in Pisces. (2) Another symbol of equinox — a creature with four heads, is located near the constellation of Virgo. Notice that the autumn equinox point is also located there (see Figure 8.23). Partial Horoscopes, with possible exception for the minimal partial horoscope of the spring equinox, are missing on the zodiac (P2). That means, we do not have additional information, which could be helpful for the astronomical dating of the zodiac (P2). Fortunately, we are dealing here with two zodiacs — (P1) and (P2), with the dates that should be close one to another. This situation creates better chances for finding a pair of complete solutions for these zodiacs. Partial Horoscope of the Spring Equinox on the zodiac (P2) was already discussed above. It is the scene inside the Central Circle: a figure of a boy with a crescent and a disc over his head, that symbolizes the Sun in the main horoscope. The boy holds two vertical snakes in his hands and stands on two crocodiles. This scene most probably symbolizes the minimal horoscope of the spring equinox: the boy — the Sun, two vertical snakes — Mercury, and two crocodiles — Venus (see subsection 8.4.3). Moreover, double representations of Mercury and Venus are quite common on Egyptian zodiacs. Let us point out that this interpretation has no impact on the actual astronomical dating of the zodiac (P2). As we mentioned it earlier, minimal partial horoscopes do not contain any nontrivial astronomical information (see Chapter 5 for more details). We have discussed these issues here just for the purpose of completeness. Let us conclude that on the zodiac (P2), where the equinoctial constellations are clearly in the center of focus, and the main date (because of the Sun’s position) is close to the spring equinox, the appearance of the partial horoscope (although minimal) on the zodiac seems to be very natural. Finally, on the zodiac (P2), there is a supplementary Scene in a Boat. Unfortunately, it contains only a little of information that could be used for the astronomical dating purposes. In this scene, which is located above the top of the Equinoctial Break, we see a scarab beetle with spread out wings standing in the center of the boat. The beetle probably represents here the Sun (see Figure 8.23). At the stem of the boat there is shown a figure of lion with a human face (on the photograph included in [5], one can see clearly that this is a human face, but it is difficult to recognize if it is female of male). This figure most probably symbolizes the constellation of Leo. At the stern of the boat, there is standing a human figure. It is hard to recognize from the photograph included in [5] what kind of a head it has — is it a falcon’s head or two-faced head? The boat is surrounded from each side by four monkeys walk- 8.4 Two Zodiacs from the Petosiris Tomb 257 ing towards the boat with raised arms. Because of the Leo’s presence in the boat, and the fact that it is placed inside the Equinoctial Break, this scene is most probably related to the autumn equinox. It could signify that on the autumn equinox day, when the Sun was in Virgo, Venus was on one side of the Sun in Leo, while on the other side was Mars (or Mercury). Let us recall that the figure of lion with human face on the Big Esna zodiac was identified as Venus in a partial horoscope; falcon’s head usually symbolized Mars, and two-faced head — Mercury. If it is a case, then this scene agrees well with one of the obtained by us solutions for the zodiac (P2) — the year 1714 (see for more details below). Since the beginning of the Egyptian year was in September (what presently is in January), in the year corresponding to that solution, the autumn equinox occured in September 1713. On that day Venus was in Leo and Mars was in Libra — on the opposite side of the Sun. This astronomical situation matches well our interpretation of the Scene in a Boat. However, because of the poor quality of the picture showing the Scene in a Boat, we are not able to identify with certainty the figures in this scene, therefore we did not use this information in the dating process. In this way, we’ve completed our discussion of all the figures inside the large circle of the zodiac (P2), which contains the essential part of the zodiac (see Figure 8.23). The figures standing outside the large circle-oval, namely the female figures with wings, birds and stars, are not related to the main date encoded in the zodiac. Therefore, we did not use them for the astronomical dating of the zodiac (P2). Let us point out that these four girls look similar to the female figures surrounding the Round Denderah zodiac. It is possible that the Denderah zodiac was in some sense used as a model for the Petosiris zodiacs. 8.4.8 Astronomical Solutions for the Inner Petosiris Zodiac P2 For the computations of the possible dates shown on the zodiac (P2), we need to consider all the eight variants of decoding for this zodiac. More precisely, there are two variants of interpretation of the Central Circle: the variant of Dispersed Central Circle and the variant of Clustered Central Circle. For each of these two variants, there are two possible variants of identification of Jupiter and Saturn with the planets denoted by letter s A and C (see Figure 8.23). In addition, there are also two variants, independent of the previous identifications, for the location of Moon — either at the spring or autumn equinox point. Consequently, we obtain exactly 2 3 = 8 possible variants of decoding, for which we were using in our computations the codes P50, P51, P52, P53, P60, P61, P62, and P63. The corresponding to these variants input data for the program HOROS was listed above. Let us now present the results of our computations. For each of the solutions, we show only one date from the acceptable interval consisting of several consecutive days. This date corresponds to the minimal
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It is commonly believed that 3000 y
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Preface We are all aware that histo
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Contents 1 The Problems of Historic
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CONTENTS vii 6.11 Best Points for t
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Chapter 1 The Problems of Historica
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”... the Christian chronographers
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Figure 1.4: Newton’s “The Chron
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“... the same time intervals whic
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are given in contemporary literatur
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he conducted a mathematical and sta
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However, all these pecularities dis
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1.7 Controversy over the Ptolemy’
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the identifications made by F. Pete
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VOLUME Maximum 1 1584 1585 1586 Max
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The Holy Roman-German Empire (911-1
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−1700 1.9 Mathematical and Statis
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Chapter 2 Ancient Egyptian Zodiacs
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The Egyptian zodiacs contained spec
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2.1 Egyptian Zodiacs 33 Figure 2.6:
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Figure 2.9: Photograph of a fragmen
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Figure 2.11: Entrance to the Dender
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Figure 2.16: The “Small Esna Temp
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2.2 Problem of Astronomical Dating
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2.2 Problem of Astronomical Dating
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Figure 2.26: Photo of an Egyptian z
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Round Denderah zodiac. In Figure 2.
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Figure 2.35: A fragment of the Long
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2.5 Our Abbreviations for Egyptian
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Chapter 3 Previous Attempts of Astr
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Figure 3.2: The original table with
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As the picture of the Long zodiac,
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to be unique on the whole historica
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zodiacs is 98 years, so they could
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3.4 Brugsch’s Zodiac 63 Figure 3.
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Figure 3.15: Brugsch’s zodiac wit
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Chapter 4 New Approach to Decoding
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Figure 4.2: Fragment of the Long De
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Figure 4.8: Two symbols of “meeti
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4.3 Egyptian Zodiacs as Astronomica
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Chapter 5 Symbolism on Egyptian Zod
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Figure 5.3: Representations of Taur
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Figure 5.9: Nonalignment of Cancer
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5.1.6 Virgo Now, we move to the nex
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Figure 5.16: Representations of Cap
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5.2 Symbols of Decans and Principal
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Figure 5.20: Enlarged fragment of t
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5.4 Planetary Symbols of the Main H
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their huge work was made by N.A. Mo
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In order to explain this answer, le
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Figure 5.33: Egyptian “gods”
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of Mars during the first stage, and
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of Venus, as a lioness, is more com
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Figure 5.44: Planets on the Inner P
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Figure 5.48: The god Janus on a Rom
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Midnight Culminating Constellation
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pearance. For example, some planeta
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Let us resume that in this partial
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Figure 5.64: Visible (marked in lig
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5.8 Symbols of Equinoxes and Solsti
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Figure 5.69: Figure of Sagittarius
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the wings on each side (see Figure
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Figure 5.75: The fringe of figures
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is the sitting child with a hand ne
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ecause Saturn moves very slowly, wh
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Chapter 6 Method of Astronomical De
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However, still it is possible to de
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In this way, the daily rotation of
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Zodiacal Interval on the ecliptic C
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meaning of the ancient astronomical
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6.7.3 Step 3: Validation of Dates B
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(2) Yellow - Symbols of the Planets
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6.11 Best Points for the Planets an
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Later, in the subsequent chapters,
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7.1 Denderah and Esna Zodiacs as Pa
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152 7 The Dates Shown on the Monume
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Page 225 and 226: 8.1 The Athribis Zodiacs of Flinder
Page 227 and 228: Code Jupiter Saturn Mars A1 1 3 4 A
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Page 233 and 234: • Mercury — in the middle of Aq
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Page 237 and 238: 8.1.12 Conclusions Our astronomical
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Page 241 and 242: The file containing the input data
Page 243 and 244: Figure 8.11: The Color Thebes Zodia
Page 245 and 246: Let us look again at the figures st
Page 247 and 248: that all these three solutions are
Page 249 and 250: 8.3.6 Conclusion: the Date Encoded
Page 251 and 252: Figure 8.15: Plans of the of the Pe
Page 253 and 254: Figure 8.18: The zodiac from the in
Page 255 and 256: 8.4 Two Zodiacs from the Petosiris
Page 257 and 258: Figure 8.21: Murals inside the Peto
Page 259 and 260: Figure 8.25: Fragment of murals ins
Page 261 and 262: On the zodiac (P1) the order of the
Page 263 and 264: Figure 8.29: Color Annotated Inner
Page 265: and Saturn. Let us recall that the
Page 269 and 270: 5) Variant P60: Clustered Central C
Page 271 and 272: 200 1.0 11.0 8.0 2.5 1.0 6.0 ------
Page 273 and 274: ORDER OF PLANETS ON THE ECLIPTIC: J
Page 275 and 276: 8.5 Dating of the Zodiac from the T
Page 281: • SUN — in Aquarius, Capricorn,
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Page 286 and 287: 276 9 Summary of the Astronomical D
Page 289 and 290: Bibliography [1] Fomenko, T. N., As
Page 291 and 292: BIBLIOGRAPHY 281 s priloжeniem “
Page 293: [173] V.V. Kalaxnikov, G.V. Hosovsk
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