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34 2 Ancient Egyptian Zodiacs Figure 2.7: Round Denderah Zodiac from the Napoleonic Album. (Taken from [2], A. Vol. IV, Plate 21) Nikolai A. Morozov, who throughly studied the Round zodiac at the beginning of the twentieth century, wrote: “Look at ... the symbols of zodiac constellations ... They are drawn in a fine and clear manner outlining the zodiac belt, in exactly the same way it is placed in the real sky. It is not concentric with ... the celestial equator but it is raised noticeable around the area of the summer constellations of Cancer and Gemini and lowered on the opposite side near the winter constellations of Sagittarius and Capricorn. These symbols are not much different from those we can find on Bayer’s astronomical charts or even in nineteenth century astronomical books.” 1 So, it is evident that the author of the Round zodiac was quite competent in astronomy. We will explain later that practically every symbol in the Round zodiac has definite astronomical meaning. As we mentioned earlier, in the same temple in Denderah, beside the Round zodiac, there was also found another zodiac, called the Long or Rectangular Denderah zodiac. It was a low relief on a ceiling of much larger size than the Round zodiac. The Long zodiac consists of two rectangular parts, each of them about 25 m long. The Long zodiac is illustrated on Figure 2.8 These two parts of the Long zodiac are placed on the opposite sides of a large rectangular ceiling of the main hall in the Denderah Temple. All the space between these parts is covered by pictures with astronomical meaning. The size of this impressive ceiling is 25 m ×42.5 m. The view of the 1 See [4], Vol. 6, p. 658. Figure 2.8: Long Denderah Zodiac from the Napoleonic Album. (Taken from [2], A. Vol. IV, Plate 20.) whole ceiling is presented on Figure 2.10. The Long zodiac depicts all twelve zodiac constellations in their correct order as they appear on the sky. Among the symbols of the constellations there are also shown other symbols. We will prove in the subsequent chapters that all these symbols have a precise astronomical meaning associated with the definite and unique date. Some details of the Long zodiac are illustrated on Figure 2.9. The two Denderah zodiacs were objects of interest for many scientists who were trying to to interpret and date
Figure 2.9: Photograph of a fragment of the Long Denderah zodiac. (Taken from [10], page 37) them. Several famous mathematicians and astronomers of the 19th century, such as Ch. Dupuis, P. Laplace, J. Fourier, A. Letronne, K. Helm, J. Biot, etc., attempted to decode the horoscopes shown in these zodiacs and tried to date them astronomically. They made calculations for the possible dates from very ancient times to the year 300 A.D. but could not find any satisfactory solution. In spite of the fact that the horoscopes had all the attributes of a genuine astronomical picture, they stopped the calculations and reluctantly made a conclusion that these two horoscopes are not depicting a real astronomical data from any time and are the product of pure fantasy. This was a gross mistake, because in fact, if they had continued their efforts they would have obtained some satisfactory solutions for both zodiacs. In fact several reasonable solutions were found in the 20th century by N.A. Morozov 2 , N.S. Kellin and D.V. Denisenko 3 , and T.N. Fomenko 4 . Strangely, all these solutions refer to the medieval dates which were not earlier than sixth century A.D. We will argue that there is more astronomical information contained in the Denderah zodiacs which was not recognized by the previous investigators. With the use of the full astronomical information the solution turns out to be unique (see Chapter 7). One can ask the question, ‘what was the reason for these astronomers to halt all further computations after reaching the year 300 A.D.?” This is an interesting story. The first Egyptologist who analyzed the archaeological site of the temple, dated its approximate construction to be 15 000 B.C. However, later, during the eighteenth century this date was changed to 3 000 B.C. and finally to the first century A.D. In such circumstances the astronomers did not see the reason to look for the date after third century A.D. As we have already mentioned, at that time, when everything had to be done by hand, these calculations were extremely long and tedious. We must say that the dating of the Denderah temple was a questionable process from its beginning to the end. An 2 See [4], Vol. 6, p.655-672. 3 See [15]. 4 See [1]. 2.1 Egyptian Zodiacs 35 inscription inside the temple indicated that this temple was built by the famous pharaoh Khufu himself from the 6th dynasty (according to Egyptologists, he reigned around the year 3000 B.C.), who was the same pharaoh who constructed the great pyramid. However, from the style of the sculptures and some inscriptions in the temple it was clear that this temple could not have been built before the time of Sulla or Julius Caesar. If we believe Scaliger’s chronology of ancient Egypt, these two sets of evidence contradict each other — the difference between them of about 3,000 years. Without revising the chronology, Egyptologists assumed that all the Egyptian temples which were built and decorated by Romans in the beginning of the Christian era, were constructed on the sites of more ancient Egyptian temples. They suggested that Romans copied with great care, but without understanding, some of the old inscriptions they had found on the walls of the remains of the ancient temples. This was the only way that allowed them to explain these contradictions without modifying the whole ancient Egyptian chronology. Of course discovering the horoscopes was a crucial shift to solve this controversy. That’s why there were so many attempts made to find an astronomical solution that could be acceptable to Egyptologists. The fact that two different but clear horoscopes were found in the same temple was extremely promising for determining their correct astronomical solutions. In the case a decoding mistake was made, or if these two horoscopes were simply the products of sculptor’s fantasy, the probability of finding two close one to another astronomical solutions, in a reasonable historical time interval, is practically zero. Unfortunately, the whole excitement and fascination with ancient Egyptian horoscopes was slowly forgotten and the opinion that there was no real astronomical meaning hidden in these horoscopes prevailed among historians and all the other attempts to date these horoscopes were abandoned. A recent picture showing the entrance to the famous Denderah temple is shown on Figure 2.11. A recently taken photograph of the full view of the Denderah temple is shown on Figure 2.12. Another example of an Egyptian zodiac, which was painted on the interior of the cover of a wooden sarcophagus, is presented on Figure 2.13. It was discovered during one of his expeditions to Egypt, by famous 19th century German Egyptologist Henry Brugsch. The picture shown on Figure 2.13 comes form his published work [14]. On this zodiac the figure of the “Goddess Nut” is in the center of the picture and the zodiac constellations, which are again very easy to identify, are painted on her both sides. On the left, under her arm, we see the symbols of Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio and Sagittarius, and symmetrically on the right, are placed the symbols of Capricorn (with head painted in black), Aquarius, Pisces, Aries, Taurus (painted black) and Gemini. The order of these constellations is correct, exactly like it appears on the real sky. Brugsch noticed some ancient Demotic writings near the constellation symbols on the left. He translated all of them and found out that they
Page 1: It is commonly believed that 3000 y
Page 5 and 6: Preface We are all aware that histo
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Page 49 and 50: Figure 2.16: The “Small Esna Temp
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Page 57 and 58: Round Denderah zodiac. In Figure 2.
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Page 83 and 84: 4.3 Egyptian Zodiacs as Astronomica
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5.2 Symbols of Decans and Principal
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Figure 5.20: Enlarged fragment of t
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5.4 Planetary Symbols of the Main H
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their huge work was made by N.A. Mo
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In order to explain this answer, le
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Figure 5.33: Egyptian “gods”
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of Mars during the first stage, and
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of Venus, as a lioness, is more com
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Figure 5.44: Planets on the Inner P
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Figure 5.48: The god Janus on a Rom
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Midnight Culminating Constellation
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pearance. For example, some planeta
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Let us resume that in this partial
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Figure 5.64: Visible (marked in lig
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5.8 Symbols of Equinoxes and Solsti
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Figure 5.69: Figure of Sagittarius
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the wings on each side (see Figure
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Figure 5.75: The fringe of figures
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is the sitting child with a hand ne
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ecause Saturn moves very slowly, wh
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Chapter 6 Method of Astronomical De
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However, still it is possible to de
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In this way, the daily rotation of
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Zodiacal Interval on the ecliptic C
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meaning of the ancient astronomical
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6.7.3 Step 3: Validation of Dates B
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(2) Yellow - Symbols of the Planets
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6.11 Best Points for the Planets an
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Later, in the subsequent chapters,
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7.1 Denderah and Esna Zodiacs as Pa
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152 7 The Dates Shown on the Monume
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Chapter 8 The Dates Shown on the Zo
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Figure 8.1: Flinders Petrie drawing
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8.1 The Athribis Zodiacs of Flinder
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Code Jupiter Saturn Mars A1 1 3 4 A
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scope, it would be a mistake to con
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we found out that the symbolism of
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• Mercury — in the middle of Aq
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points appear only in the fringe of
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8.1.12 Conclusions Our astronomical
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8.2 Brugsch’s Zodiac 229 Figure 8
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The file containing the input data
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Figure 8.11: The Color Thebes Zodia
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Let us look again at the figures st
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that all these three solutions are
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8.3.6 Conclusion: the Date Encoded
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Figure 8.15: Plans of the of the Pe
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Figure 8.18: The zodiac from the in
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8.4 Two Zodiacs from the Petosiris
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Figure 8.21: Murals inside the Peto
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Figure 8.25: Fragment of murals ins
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On the zodiac (P1) the order of the
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Figure 8.29: Color Annotated Inner
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and Saturn. Let us recall that the
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(1) A figure of an eye with wings,
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5) Variant P60: Clustered Central C
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200 1.0 11.0 8.0 2.5 1.0 6.0 ------
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ORDER OF PLANETS ON THE ECLIPTIC: J
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8.5 Dating of the Zodiac from the T
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• SUN — in Aquarius, Capricorn,
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9.1 General Picture of the Dates on
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276 9 Summary of the Astronomical D
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Bibliography [1] Fomenko, T. N., As
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 281 s priloжeniem “
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[173] V.V. Kalaxnikov, G.V. Hosovsk
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