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176 7 The Dates Shown on the Monumental Zodiacs in the Denderah and Esna Temples (with M = +0.98) was visible at the evening twilight. The submersion of the Sun at the moment when Mercury was setting down was only SUH=9 o , but still Mercury was sufficiently bright to be visible in such circumstances. At that time Mercury was very close to the star Spica (αVirgo) — distance between them was around 1 o . Mars was near the Sun in a distance of about 2 o and it was completely invisible throughout all the autumn equinox days. Figure 7.27: Planets in the proximity of the Sun on September 10, 1185. The invisible area around the Sun is shaded. We are now ready to compare this information with the situation on the Round zodiac. Let us recall the contents of the autumn equinox partial horoscope: Mercury on the Virgo’s spike (i.e. very close to Spica), Saturn on its place in the main horoscope (i.e. in Virgo or Libra), Venus in Leo, and one more planet, possibly the Sun, is shown as a bird in Virgo or in Leo (under the feet of the “additional” Virgo).By comparing it with the situation on Figure 7.27, we notice that Mercury is exactly located as it is suggested on the zodiac. Saturn is also on its place, as it is expected from the main horoscope. Position of Venus is exactly as it should be. Invisible Mars, which was in Virgo, corresponds well to the figure of a bird “hiding” under the figure of “additional Virgo.” Indeed, a figure in a hiding position is a natural symbol for an invisible planet. At this point, only Jupiter is missing from this partial horoscope. However, let us notice the small sitting figure above Leo. As we mentioned before, it could be related to the partial horoscope of the autumn equinox as well as to the summer solstice partial horoscope. The solution that we’ve obtained suggests that symbol is Jupiter in these both partial horoscopes. Usually, it doesn’t stay so long in one constellation, but during this particular year it was making a loop in Leo, so it was “sitting” there almost the whole year. Consequently, we have a perfect confirmation of all the data related to the autumn equinox partial horoscope. So, we annotate this column with the plus sign. Column 4: PARTIAL HOROSCOPE OF THE WINTER SOLSTICE. In the Egyptian year related to this solution, the winter solstice took place on December 12, 1184 (see Appendix ??). By admitting a few days error margin we consider the winter solstice days to be approximately from December 6 to December 18, 1184. In these days, Mercury which was close to the Sun, disappeared from the Sky on December 4. Therefore, we will present the planetary position on two days: December 4 (when Mercury was still visible) and December 12, 1184 (when Mercury was not visible anymore). The other planets, except Moon, did not changed significantly their positions during the winter solstice days. Notice, that Moon on December 4-5 was invisible. At that time it was located in Sagittarius. The New Moon reappeared in the evening on December 6, in between Sagittarius and Capricorn. Julian day (JD) = 2153852.00 Year/Month/Day = 1184/12/4 Sun Moon Saturn Jupiter Mars Venus Mercury 271.2 o 265.6 o 182.4 o 151.9 o 242.1 o 257.9 o 261.2 o 8.13 7.97 5.19 4.27 7.19 7.71 7.82 Julian day (JD) = 2153860.00 Year/Month/Day= 1184/12/12 Sun Moon Saturn Jupiter Mars Venus Mercury 279.4 o 369.0 o 182.6 o 151.7 o 247.7 o 268.0 o 273.7 o 8.37 11.56 5.20 4.26 7.37 8.04 8.20 Table 7.8: Planetary Positions in the Period December 4–12, 1167 On Figure 7.28 we show the position of planets around the Sun on December 4, 1184, when Mercury was still visible. On this day, before the dawn, there were visible three planets. Mercury in Sagittarius, on the edge of the horizon, Venus in between Sagittarius and Scorpio, and Mars in Scorpio. At the evening twilight there were no visible planets. At that time Jupiter was in Leo, and Saturn in Virgo, i.e. the both planets were far from the Sun. Let us recall the partial horoscope of the winter solstice on the Round zodiac (see subsection 7.4.3.[B]). There are three planets shown: the figure sitting on a chair in a boat with a disc over its head, which could be the Sun or other planet, the male figure standing over the goose, which is an attribute of Mars, and a small figure sitting on a chair above Libra, which could represent Venus. Notice that the essential information here is the presence of Mars, which we can recognize with high confidence by its attribute — a goose. Let us compare this information with the astronomical solution. On Figure 7.28 we see three planets near the Sun: Mars, Mercury and Venus. Mars was in Scorpio, so in this solution it should be represented on the Round zodiac by the figure sitting on a chair in a boat with the disc over its head. Indeed, this figure
Figure 7.28: Planets in the proximity of the Sun on December 4, 1184. The area under the horizon is shaded. is in Scorpio and it has the same falcon head as the figure of Mars in the main horoscope. The disc over its head can refer to the Sun. In the solution, beside Mars there are two more visible planets — Venus and Mercury. In the partial horoscope there are also two more figures — one is a male with human face, which fits Mercury very well, and another figure with unclear gender accompanied by an animal (probably a lioness), which could be Venus. In this context, we have the correspondence between the data in the partial horoscope and the solution. Consequently, we put the sign plus to annotate this column. Column 5: PARTIAL HOROSCOPE OF THE SPRING EQUINOX. In 1185, the spring equinox occurred on March 13-14 (see Appendix ??), which was very close date to the date of the main horoscope. Let us present the positions of the planets near the Sun on March 14, 1168 (see Table 7.9). Julian day (JD) = 2153952.00 Year/Month/Day = 1184/3/14 Sun Moon Saturn Jupiter Mars Venus Mercury 372.0 o 151.7 o 178.4 o 142.3 o 314.7 o 383.1 o 345.9 o 11.64 4.26 5.09 3.95 9.47 11.91 10.96 Table 7.9: Planetary Positions on March 14, 1184 Since the spring equinox occurred just a few days before the main date, all the planets (except Moon) were almost at the same positions as in the main horoscope. On the Round zodiac, as it is on the Long zodiac, the partial horoscope of the spring equinox consists only of the disc representing the Sun and the figure inside it representing the planet that was in its proximity on the equinox day. In the above table, we 7.4 Decoding the Date from the Round Denderah Zodiac 177 can easily recognize that the closest planet to the Sun on the equinox day was Venus. The computations made using the program Turbo-Sky confirm that Venus was clearly visible on March 14, 1168. The submersion of the Sun at the moment Venus was crossing the horizon in Cairo was SUH=10 o , while brightness of Venus was M = −3.4. There were no other planets near Venus, so the figure making an “offering to the Sun” inside the disc must be Venus, which matches well the female figure inside the disc. Consequently, we obtained the confirmation for all the data and we can annotate this column with the plus sign. Column 6: PARTIAL HOROSCOPE OF THE SUMMER SOLSTICE. In the year 1185, the summer solstice occurred on June 12-13. Let us list the positions of the planets on the ecliptic on one of the summer solstice days, i.e. June 12, 1185 (see Table 7.10). Julian day (JD) = 2154043.00 Year/Month/Day = 1185/6/13 Sun Moon Saturn Jupiter Mars Venus Mercury 99.8 o 264.3 o 176.9 o 149.3 o 381.2 o 133.7 o 98.5 o 2.35 7.92 5.06 4.19 11.87 3.60 2.31 Table 7.10: Planetary Positions on June 13, 1185 On Figure 7.29, we show the configuration of the planets around the Sun on the summer solstice day on June 12, 1185. We can describe the situation on this day as follows (1) In Gemini, near the Sun was only Mercury. The Sun submersion for Mercury on the horizon was about 1 o only, so it was invisible (its brightness was M = +4.3). (2) Jupiter was visible in the evening in Leo, right beside of Regulus. It was very bright (M = −1.3). (3) Venus was visible in the evening in Cancer. Its brightness was M = −3.8. (4) In the morning only Mars was visible. It was located rather far from the Sun in Pisces, but it was the nearest to the Sun visible planet in before the dawn. Its brightness was very strong (M = +0.1) and approximately the same as the brightness of Arcturus. Consequently, on this day Mars was brighter than any star, except Sirius. Since two hours before the dawn, Sirius and Arcturus were already under the horizon, Mars appeared on that morning as the brightest “star” on the sky. Let us recall the partial horoscope of the summer solstice and compare it with the solution. (1) In Gemini or in Taurus, was a male planet, probably Mercury. This agrees exactly with the solution. (2) Another planet was in Leo, which we recognized as Jupiter (notice that the same symbol represents Jupiter in the
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It is commonly believed that 3000 y
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Preface We are all aware that histo
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Contents 1 The Problems of Historic
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CONTENTS vii 6.11 Best Points for t
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Chapter 1 The Problems of Historica
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”... the Christian chronographers
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Figure 1.4: Newton’s “The Chron
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We would like to point out a very i
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“... the same time intervals whic
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are given in contemporary literatur
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he conducted a mathematical and sta
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However, all these pecularities dis
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1.7 Controversy over the Ptolemy’
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the identifications made by F. Pete
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VOLUME Maximum 1 1584 1585 1586 Max
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The Holy Roman-German Empire (911-1
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80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 1.9
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−1700 1.9 Mathematical and Statis
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Chapter 2 Ancient Egyptian Zodiacs
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The Egyptian zodiacs contained spec
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2.1 Egyptian Zodiacs 33 Figure 2.6:
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Figure 2.9: Photograph of a fragmen
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Figure 2.11: Entrance to the Dender
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Figure 2.16: The “Small Esna Temp
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2.2 Problem of Astronomical Dating
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2.2 Problem of Astronomical Dating
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Figure 2.26: Photo of an Egyptian z
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Round Denderah zodiac. In Figure 2.
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Figure 2.35: A fragment of the Long
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2.5 Our Abbreviations for Egyptian
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Chapter 3 Previous Attempts of Astr
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Figure 3.2: The original table with
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As the picture of the Long zodiac,
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to be unique on the whole historica
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zodiacs is 98 years, so they could
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3.4 Brugsch’s Zodiac 63 Figure 3.
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Figure 3.15: Brugsch’s zodiac wit
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Chapter 4 New Approach to Decoding
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Figure 4.2: Fragment of the Long De
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Figure 4.8: Two symbols of “meeti
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4.3 Egyptian Zodiacs as Astronomica
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Chapter 5 Symbolism on Egyptian Zod
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Figure 5.3: Representations of Taur
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Figure 5.9: Nonalignment of Cancer
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5.1.6 Virgo Now, we move to the nex
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Figure 5.16: Representations of Cap
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5.2 Symbols of Decans and Principal
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Figure 5.20: Enlarged fragment of t
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5.4 Planetary Symbols of the Main H
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their huge work was made by N.A. Mo
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In order to explain this answer, le
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Figure 5.33: Egyptian “gods”
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of Mars during the first stage, and
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of Venus, as a lioness, is more com
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Figure 5.44: Planets on the Inner P
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Figure 5.48: The god Janus on a Rom
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Midnight Culminating Constellation
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pearance. For example, some planeta
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Let us resume that in this partial
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Figure 5.64: Visible (marked in lig
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5.8 Symbols of Equinoxes and Solsti
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Figure 5.69: Figure of Sagittarius
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the wings on each side (see Figure
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Page 141 and 142: Chapter 6 Method of Astronomical De
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Page 145 and 146: In this way, the daily rotation of
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Page 149 and 150: meaning of the ancient astronomical
Page 151 and 152: 6.7.3 Step 3: Validation of Dates B
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Page 157: Later, in the subsequent chapters,
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Page 223 and 224: Figure 8.1: Flinders Petrie drawing
Page 225 and 226: 8.1 The Athribis Zodiacs of Flinder
Page 227 and 228: Code Jupiter Saturn Mars A1 1 3 4 A
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Page 233 and 234: • Mercury — in the middle of Aq
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8.1.12 Conclusions Our astronomical
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8.2 Brugsch’s Zodiac 229 Figure 8
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The file containing the input data
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Figure 8.11: The Color Thebes Zodia
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Let us look again at the figures st
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that all these three solutions are
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8.3.6 Conclusion: the Date Encoded
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Figure 8.15: Plans of the of the Pe
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Figure 8.18: The zodiac from the in
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8.4 Two Zodiacs from the Petosiris
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Figure 8.21: Murals inside the Peto
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Figure 8.25: Fragment of murals ins
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On the zodiac (P1) the order of the
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Figure 8.29: Color Annotated Inner
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and Saturn. Let us recall that the
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(1) A figure of an eye with wings,
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5) Variant P60: Clustered Central C
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200 1.0 11.0 8.0 2.5 1.0 6.0 ------
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ORDER OF PLANETS ON THE ECLIPTIC: J
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8.5 Dating of the Zodiac from the T
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• SUN — in Aquarius, Capricorn,
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9.1 General Picture of the Dates on
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276 9 Summary of the Astronomical D
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Bibliography [1] Fomenko, T. N., As
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 281 s priloжeniem “
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[173] V.V. Kalaxnikov, G.V. Hosovsk
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