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22 1 The Problems of Historical Chronology T . Such a function X(T ) is called by Fomenko the volume function for X. Of course, it is easy to define many other similar numerical functions that could be used as an “identificator” of the text X. For instance, the frequency the year T is mentioned in the subsequent chapters of X, the number of all the names of historical persons listed in the text, or how many times these names were mentioned in the whole text. In his monograph [103], A.T. Fomenko used several such functions to analyze similarities and differences between various historical documents, for which carried appropriate statistical calculations and precise evaluations of probabilities. The main problem was to identify which of the considered documents referred to the same epoch or two different epochs. In the case of two volume functions, this could be done as follows: It is clear that for two different documents X and Y their volume functions X(T ) and Y (T ) can be completely different even if they refer to the same epoch. However, if X and Y describe the same sequence of events, then it is most probable that they will have the same distribution of local maxima. It is quite obvious, that important events in both documents would be presented in a more elaborated form. That means for those “important years” T the volume functions X(T ) and Y (T ) would have local maxima. Consequiently, the both functions X(T ) and Y (T ) would have similar distribution of their maxima or the “important years.” A question arises how to determine the probability that two volume functions with similar maxima distribution are referreing to the same sequence of events. A.T. Fomenko did the probability calculation and verify their accuracy on the chronicles related to the well documented epochs. On Figure 1.23 we show the distribution of local maxima for five different chronicles describing the same sequence of events. It is clear that, indeed, their maxima are located almost in the same positions. On the other hand, the coincidence of local maxima of two volume functions can be used to identify, with very high probability, that two hisorical texts describe the same epoch and the same sequence of events, even if they were mistakenly associated with different epochs. This method of matching dependent texts is called by A.T. Fomenko the principle of maximal correlation. This principle was empirically checked using the reliable historical data of 16th – 19th centuries, and its correctness was confirmed. Therefore, the locations of the maxima constitute the numerical data that can be associated with the text X in order to characterize the epoch it is referring to. An example of a simple scalar function, which can be easily extracted from the historical database, is the functions of the time-span of the reign of subsequent rulers belonging to a certain specific dynasty. Such a dynasty function can be illustrated by its graph, which is shown on Figure 1.24. On the horizontal axis are placed the subsequent numbers of the consecutive rulers (or names of kings, emperors, etc.) and on the vertical axis is marked the length of the reign of the corresponding ruler. Fomenko calls such a sequence of rulers a numerical dynasty or simply a dynasty. The dynasty in the above example consists of 12 rulers. Again, it is clear that two Length of Reign (in years) 25 20 15 10 5 ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ Dynasty Function ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Consecutive Rulers Figure 1.24: Example of a dynasty function chronicles (even if they have some discrepancies and are written in different languages with different calendar conventions) describing the same portion of history, would produce similar dynasty functions. It is possible to determine the confidence interval corresponding to a very high probability, that allows us to identify such dependent dynasty functions, in which case we can determine that the similarities are not coincidental and in fact, they indicate that they represent the same sequence of historical events. The Roman coronation of the Holy Roman emperors in 10-13 Centuries 41 38 ¢ ¢ 32 ¢ 24 21 22 1 23 ¢ 21 ¢ 18 ¢ ¢ 13 ¢ 11 9 ¢ 8 ¢ ¢ ¢ 3 ¢ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 ¢ 2 ¢ Biblical Israeli rulers from 922 BC Figure 1.26: Parallel between the Roman coronation of the Holy Roman emperors and the biblical Israeli rulers It may sounds strange that mathematical methods can be effectively used to investigate correctness of historical dating, but it is exactly what is the case here. The methods of Fomenko, which are based on theoretical and empirical analy- ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ 8 12 14 12 10 ¢ ¢ ¢ 20 ¢ 22 24 ¢ ¢ 30 33 ¢ ¡ 41 ¡ ¡
The Holy Roman-German Empire (911-1307) Henry I (919-936) Lothar (947-950) Otto I (936-973) Otto II (960-983) 54 53 £ £ 37 Otto III (983-996) king in 983 until becoming Roman emperor Otto III (996-1002) from becoming the emperor of Rome Henry II (1002-1024) +Conrad II (1024-1039) Henry III (1028-1056) Henry IV (1053-1106) Lothair II (1125-1138) Conrad III (1138-1152) Henry VI (1189-1197) Fredrick II (1196-1250) Conrad IV (1250-1254) Charles of Anjou (1254-1285) Time interval 1285-1307 Adolf (1291-1298) Albert I (1298-1304) 37 70 £ Period of the Avignon papacy (1305-1376) £ £ 1.9 Mathematical and Statistical Methods for Dating Events of Ancient History. 23 31 28 28 £ £ £ 23 22 £ £ 17 17 £ £ £ 1 13 13 14 £ 10 £ £ 4 7 6 £ 3 £ £ £ £ 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ £ 3 Jewish Kingdom According to the Bible 2 £ 6 £ £ 9 11 11 £ £ 16 16 £ £ 24 24 £ £ £ 29 29 31 £ 35 £ 38 £ 52 Rehoboam (0-17) 55 Abia (17-20) Asa (20-55) Jehoshaphat (55-79) Jehoram+Ahaziah (86-94) Athaliah (95-101) Joash(92-130) Amaziah (130-159) Uzziah (159-211) Jotham (211-227) Ahaz (227-243) Hazekiah(256-286) Manasseh (285-340) Amon (340-342) Josiah (342-373) Jehoiakim+Zedekiah (377-397) Johoiachin (374-385) Zedekiah (386-397) 70 £ Period of the Babilonian Exile (397-467) Figure 1.25: Parallel between the Holy Roman-German Empire and Jewish Kingdom
Page 1: It is commonly believed that 3000 y
Page 5 and 6: Preface We are all aware that histo
Page 7 and 8: Contents 1 The Problems of Historic
Page 9 and 10: CONTENTS vii 6.11 Best Points for t
Page 11 and 12: Chapter 1 The Problems of Historica
Page 13 and 14: ”... the Christian chronographers
Page 15 and 16: Figure 1.4: Newton’s “The Chron
Page 17 and 18: We would like to point out a very i
Page 19 and 20: “... the same time intervals whic
Page 21 and 22: are given in contemporary literatur
Page 23 and 24: he conducted a mathematical and sta
Page 25 and 26: However, all these pecularities dis
Page 27 and 28: 1.7 Controversy over the Ptolemy’
Page 29 and 30: the identifications made by F. Pete
Page 31: VOLUME Maximum 1 1584 1585 1586 Max
Page 35 and 36: 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 1.9
Page 37 and 38: −1700 1.9 Mathematical and Statis
Page 39 and 40: Chapter 2 Ancient Egyptian Zodiacs
Page 41 and 42: The Egyptian zodiacs contained spec
Page 43 and 44: 2.1 Egyptian Zodiacs 33 Figure 2.6:
Page 45 and 46: Figure 2.9: Photograph of a fragmen
Page 47 and 48: Figure 2.11: Entrance to the Dender
Page 49 and 50: Figure 2.16: The “Small Esna Temp
Page 51 and 52: 2.2 Problem of Astronomical Dating
Page 53 and 54: 2.2 Problem of Astronomical Dating
Page 55 and 56: Figure 2.26: Photo of an Egyptian z
Page 57 and 58: Round Denderah zodiac. In Figure 2.
Page 59 and 60: Figure 2.35: A fragment of the Long
Page 61 and 62: 2.5 Our Abbreviations for Egyptian
Page 63 and 64: Chapter 3 Previous Attempts of Astr
Page 65 and 66: Figure 3.2: The original table with
Page 67 and 68: As the picture of the Long zodiac,
Page 69 and 70: to be unique on the whole historica
Page 71 and 72: zodiacs is 98 years, so they could
Page 73 and 74: 3.4 Brugsch’s Zodiac 63 Figure 3.
Page 75 and 76: Figure 3.15: Brugsch’s zodiac wit
Page 77 and 78: Chapter 4 New Approach to Decoding
Page 79 and 80: Figure 4.2: Fragment of the Long De
Page 81 and 82: Figure 4.8: Two symbols of “meeti
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4.3 Egyptian Zodiacs as Astronomica
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Chapter 5 Symbolism on Egyptian Zod
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Figure 5.3: Representations of Taur
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Figure 5.9: Nonalignment of Cancer
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5.1.6 Virgo Now, we move to the nex
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Figure 5.16: Representations of Cap
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5.2 Symbols of Decans and Principal
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Figure 5.20: Enlarged fragment of t
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5.4 Planetary Symbols of the Main H
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their huge work was made by N.A. Mo
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In order to explain this answer, le
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Figure 5.33: Egyptian “gods”
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of Mars during the first stage, and
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of Venus, as a lioness, is more com
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Figure 5.44: Planets on the Inner P
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Figure 5.48: The god Janus on a Rom
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Midnight Culminating Constellation
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pearance. For example, some planeta
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Let us resume that in this partial
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Figure 5.64: Visible (marked in lig
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5.8 Symbols of Equinoxes and Solsti
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Figure 5.69: Figure of Sagittarius
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the wings on each side (see Figure
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Figure 5.75: The fringe of figures
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is the sitting child with a hand ne
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ecause Saturn moves very slowly, wh
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Chapter 6 Method of Astronomical De
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However, still it is possible to de
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In this way, the daily rotation of
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Zodiacal Interval on the ecliptic C
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meaning of the ancient astronomical
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6.7.3 Step 3: Validation of Dates B
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(2) Yellow - Symbols of the Planets
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6.11 Best Points for the Planets an
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Later, in the subsequent chapters,
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7.1 Denderah and Esna Zodiacs as Pa
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152 7 The Dates Shown on the Monume
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Chapter 8 The Dates Shown on the Zo
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Figure 8.1: Flinders Petrie drawing
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8.1 The Athribis Zodiacs of Flinder
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Code Jupiter Saturn Mars A1 1 3 4 A
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scope, it would be a mistake to con
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we found out that the symbolism of
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• Mercury — in the middle of Aq
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points appear only in the fringe of
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8.1.12 Conclusions Our astronomical
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8.2 Brugsch’s Zodiac 229 Figure 8
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The file containing the input data
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Figure 8.11: The Color Thebes Zodia
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Let us look again at the figures st
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that all these three solutions are
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8.3.6 Conclusion: the Date Encoded
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Figure 8.15: Plans of the of the Pe
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Figure 8.18: The zodiac from the in
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8.4 Two Zodiacs from the Petosiris
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Figure 8.21: Murals inside the Peto
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Figure 8.25: Fragment of murals ins
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On the zodiac (P1) the order of the
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Figure 8.29: Color Annotated Inner
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and Saturn. Let us recall that the
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(1) A figure of an eye with wings,
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5) Variant P60: Clustered Central C
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200 1.0 11.0 8.0 2.5 1.0 6.0 ------
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ORDER OF PLANETS ON THE ECLIPTIC: J
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8.5 Dating of the Zodiac from the T
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• SUN — in Aquarius, Capricorn,
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9.1 General Picture of the Dates on
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276 9 Summary of the Astronomical D
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Bibliography [1] Fomenko, T. N., As
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BIBLIOGRAPHY 281 s priloжeniem “
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[173] V.V. Kalaxnikov, G.V. Hosovsk
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